Breast implant with analyte sensors and internal power source

ABSTRACT

Breast implants including sensor modules and related methods are described herein. Breast implants include those with: a shell configured to be substantially filled with a viscous material; a plurality of sensor modules attached to the shell, the sensor modules oriented to detect one or more analytes in a fluid adjacent to the shell, the sensor modules positioned at a distance from each other, wherein each of the plurality of sensor modules includes a unique identifier; and at least one power source operably attached to the plurality of sensor modules.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is related to the following listedapplication(s) (the “Related Applications”). All subject matter of theRelated Applications and of any and all parent, grandparent,great-grandparent, etc. applications of the Related Applications, isincorporated herein by reference to the extent such subject matter isnot inconsistent herewith.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

-   -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/495,252 , entitled BREAST        IMPLANT WITH ANALYTE SENSORS RESPONSIVE TO EXTERNAL POWER        SOURCE, naming Edward S. Boyden, Gregory J. Della Rocca, Daniel        Hawkins, Roderick A. Hyde, Robert Langer, Eric C. Leuthardt,        Terence Myckatyn, Parag Jitendra Parikh, Dennis J. Rivet,        Joshua S. Shimony, Michael A. Smith, Elizabeth A. Sweeney and        Clarence T. Tegreene as inventors, filed 13 Jun. 2012.    -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/495,275 , entitled BREAST        IMPLANT WITH COVERING, ANALYTE SENSORS AND INTERNAL POWER        SOURCE, naming Edward S. Boyden, Gregory J. Della Rocca, Daniel        Hawkins, Roderick A. Hyde, Robert Langer, Eric C. Leuthardt,        Terence Myckatyn, Parag Jitendra Parikh, Dennis J. Rivet,        Joshua S. Shimony, Michael A. Smith, Elizabeth A. Sweeney and        Clarence T. Tegreene as inventors, filed 13 Jun. 2012.    -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/495,288 , entitled BREAST        IMPLANT WITH COVERING AND ANALYTE SENSORS RESPONSIVE TO EXTERNAL        POWER SOURCE, naming Edward S. Boyden, Gregory J. Della Rocca,        Daniel Hawkins, Roderick A. Hyde, Robert Langer, Eric C.        Leuthardt, Terence Myckatyn, Parag Jitendra Parikh, Dennis J.        Rivet, Joshua S. Shimony, Michael A. Smith, Elizabeth A. Sweeney        and Clarence T. Tegreene as inventors, filed 13 Jun. 2012.    -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/495,299 , entitled BREAST        IMPLANT WITH REGIONALIZED ANALYTE SENSORS AND INTERNAL POWER        SOURCE, naming Edward S. Boyden, Gregory J. Della Rocca, Daniel        Hawkins, Roderick A. Hyde, Robert Langer, Eric C. Leuthardt,        Terence Myckatyn, Parag Jitendra Parikh, Dennis J. Rivet,        Joshua S. Shimony, Michael A. Smith, Elizabeth A. Sweeney and        Clarence T. Tegreene as inventors, filed 13 Jun. 2012.    -   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/495,310 , entitled BREAST        IMPLANT WITH REGIONALIZED ANALYTE SENSORS RESPONSIVE TO EXTERNAL        POWER SOURCE, naming Edward S. Boyden, Gregory J. Della Rocca,        Daniel Hawkins, Roderick A. Hyde, Robert Langer, Eric C.        Leuthardt, Terence Myckatyn, Parag Jitendra Parikh, Dennis J.        Rivet, Joshua S. Shimony, Michael A. Smith, Elizabeth A. Sweeney        and Clarence T. Tegreene as inventors, filed 13 Jun. 2012.

SUMMARY

In some aspects, a breast implant includes but is not limited to: ashell configured to be substantially filled with a viscous material; aplurality of sensor modules attached to the shell, the sensor modulesoriented to detect one or more analytes in a fluid adjacent to theshell, the sensor modules positioned at a distance from each other,wherein each of the plurality of sensor modules includes a uniqueidentifier; and at least one power source operably attached to theplurality of sensor modules. In some aspects, a breast implant includesbut is not limited to: a shell configured to be substantially filledwith a viscous material; a plurality of sensor modules attached to theshell wherein each of the plurality of sensor modules includes a uniqueidentifier, each of the plurality of sensor modules oriented to detectone or more analytes in a fluid adjacent to the shell; at least oneprocessor operably attached to the plurality of sensor modules; and atleast one power source operably attached to the at least one processor.In some aspects, a breast implant includes but is not limited to: ashell configured to be substantially filled with a viscous material; aplurality of sensor modules attached to the shell, the sensor modulesoriented to detect one or more analytes in a fluid adjacent to the shelland wherein each of the plurality of sensor modules includes a uniqueidentifier; at least one processor operably attached to the plurality ofsensor modules; at least one power source operably attached to the atleast one processor; and a transmission unit operably attached to the atleast one processor. In some aspects, a breast implant includes but isnot limited to: a shell configured to be substantially filled with aviscous material; a plurality of sensor modules attached to the shell,the sensor modules configured to detect one or more biological analytesarising from biological tissue; at least one transmission unit attachedto the plurality of sensor modules; and at least one power sourceattached to the plurality of sensor modules and to the transmissionunit. In addition to the foregoing, other device and system aspects aredescribed in the claims, drawings, and text forming a part of thepresent disclosure.

In one aspect, a method of monitoring information from a breast implantincludes but is not limited to: receiving first information from a firstsensor module attached to a shell of a breast implant within anindividual, wherein the first information includes a first unique sensormodule identifier and sensor data from the first sensor module;receiving second information from a second sensor module attached to theshell of the breast implant within the individual, wherein the secondinformation includes a second unique sensor module identifier and sensordata from the second sensor module; forming an initial record from thefirst information and the second information; calculating deviationlimits regarding the initial record; setting deviation parameters basedon the deviation limits and a predetermined set of standards; saving theinitial record and the deviation parameters in memory in a computingdevice; receiving third information from the first sensor moduleattached to the shell of the breast implant within the individual,wherein the third information includes the first unique sensor moduleidentifier and sensor data from the first sensor module; receivingfourth information from the second sensor module attached to the shellof the breast implant within the individual, wherein the fourthinformation includes the second unique sensor module identifier andsensor data from the second sensor module; updating the initial recordwith the third information and the fourth information; saving theupdated record in memory in the computing device; comparing the updatedrecord to the initial record and to the deviation parameters; andindicating if the updated record is within the deviation parameters ofthe initial record. In one aspect, a method of monitoring informationfrom a breast implant includes but is not limited to: sending a signalfrom a transmission unit attached to one or more sensor modules attachedto a breast implant in vivo, wherein the signal contains informationregarding the detection of one or more biological analytes by the one ormore sensor modules. In one aspect, a method of monitoring informationfrom a breast implant includes but is not limited to: sending, from aremote device, a query signal to at least one transmission unit attachedto a breast implant in vivo, the at least one transmission unit attachedto one or more sensor modules configured to detect biological analytesin fluid from biological tissue; receiving, from a remote device, aresponse signal from the at least one transmission unit attached to thebreast implant, the response signal including information from the oneor more sensor modules; processing, in a computing device, the responsesignal to identify information from the one or more sensor modules; andidentifying, for each of the one or more sensor modules, a detectionresult and a unique identifier. In one aspect, a method of monitoringinformation from a breast implant includes but is not limited to:sending a signal from at least one transmission unit attached to abreast implant in vivo, the signal including information regarding oneor more sensor modules configured to detect biological analytes in fluidfrom biological tissue, the at least one transmission unit attached tothe one or more sensor modules; receiving, from a remote device, aresponse signal from the at least one transmission unit attached to thebreast implant, the response signal including information from the oneor more sensor modules; processing, in a computing device, the responsesignal to identify information from the one or more sensor modules; andidentifying, for each of the one or more sensor modules, a detectionresult and a unique identifier. In addition to the foregoing, othermethod aspects are described in the claims, drawings, and text forming apart of the present disclosure.

In one or more various aspects, related systems include but are notlimited to circuitry and/or programming for effecting theherein-referenced method aspects; the circuitry and/or programming canbe virtually any combination of hardware, software, and/or firmwareconfigured to effect the herein-referenced method aspects depending uponthe design choices of the system designer.

In addition to the foregoing, various other device, method and systemaspects are set forth and described in the teachings such as text (e.g.,claims and detailed description) and drawings of the present disclosure.

The foregoing summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be inany way limiting. In addition to the illustrative aspects, embodiments,and features described above, further aspects, embodiments, and featureswill become apparent by reference to the drawings and the followingdetailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a schematic of a breast implant in vivo.

FIG. 2 is a schematic of a breast implant ex vivo from an external view.

FIG. 3 is a schematic of a breast implant ex vivo in cross-section view.

FIG. 4 is a schematic of a breast implant ex vivo in cross-section view.

FIG. 5 is a schematic of a breast implant ex vivo in cross-section view.

FIG. 6 is a schematic of a breast implant ex vivo in cross-section view.

FIG. 7 is a schematic of a sensor module.

FIG. 8 is a schematic of a breast implant ex vivo in cross-section view.

FIG. 9 is a schematic of a processor.

FIG. 10 is a schematic of a breast implant ex vivo in cross-sectionview.

FIG. 11 is a schematic of a breast implant in vivo in cross-section viewin communication with a remote device.

FIG. 12 is a schematic of a remote device.

FIG. 13 is a schematic of a sensor module.

FIG. 14 is a schematic of a breast implant ex vivo in cross-sectionview.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description, reference is made to theaccompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings,similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless contextdictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described in thedetailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting.Other embodiments may be utilized, and other changes may be made,without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matterpresented herein.

The use of the same symbols in different drawings typically indicatessimilar or identical items.

With reference now to FIG. 1, shown is an example of a breast implant invivo that may serve as a context for introducing one or more devices andprocesses described herein. The breast implants and related systems andmethods described herein can be utilized in breast augmentation (e.g.for cosmetic purposes) as well as in breast reconstruction (e.g. aftermastectomy or lumpectomy). The breast implants and related systems andmethods described herein can be utilized in a low-profile implantdevice, for example configured for use after lumpectomy or in a malepatient. FIG. 1 illustrates a breast implant 140 in vivo within anindividual person's body. FIG. 1 shows a cross-section view through theside of a person, including a cross-section of the individual's ribs 130in the chest wall 122, 120, 124. FIG. 1 depicts a cross-section view ofthe breast implant 140 in situ within a breast 100. The breast implant140 includes a shell 145 configured to be substantially filled with aviscous material. The viscous material can be selected for a combinationof non-toxicity as well as to provide structural support to thesurrounding tissue while maintaining a natural feel. For example, theviscous material can include saline or a silicone gel. The breastimplant 140 includes a plurality of sensor modules 150 A, B, C, D, E, Fand G. Each of the sensor modules 150 A, B, C, D, E, F and G is attachedto the shell 145 and oriented to detect one or more analytes in a fluidadjacent to the shell 145. For example, sensor module 150 C is orientedto detect one or more analytes in fluid from tissue in its surroundingregions, identified in FIG. 1 as 112 and 110. Also by way of example,sensor module 150 D is oriented to detect one or more analytes in fluidfrom tissue in its surrounding regions, identified in FIG. 1 as 110 and114. As another example, sensor module 150 E is oriented to detect oneor more analytes in fluid from tissue in its surrounding regions,identified in FIG. 1 as 114 and 124.

Also for example, sensor module 150 F is oriented to detect one or moreanalytes in fluid from tissue in its surrounding regions, identified inFIG. 1 as 120 and 124. Also by way of example, sensor module 150 G isoriented to detect one or more analytes in fluid from tissue in itssurrounding regions, marked 120 and 122.

The term “analytes,” as used herein, includes biological analytesarising from biological tissue. Analytes can be indicative of neoplasiain breast tissue. Analytes can be detected by the sensor modulesdescribed herein. For example, analytes include proteins, polypeptides,peptides, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, lipids, saccharides,oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans. In someembodiments, analytes can include lipid-protein combinations, anchoredproteins, lipoproteins, proteolipids and fatty acids. The specificanalyte or analytes detected by a particular implant system depend onthe sensor modules employed in that embodiment. In particular, analytesof interest include those that are indicative of abnormal cellulargrowth (e.g., neoplasms, malignancies, metastases, cancer) in orproximate to the breast although analytes can also indicate othercellular changes of medical interest in breast tissue. For example,analytes can include those indicative of the presence of breast cancer,the progression of breast cancer, or the initiation of breast cancer.For example, analytes can include those indicative of the presence ofmetastatic breast cancer and the translocation of breast cancer cells.For example, genetic amplification of the Her-2/neu oncogene isassociated with some metastatic breast cancers, and analytes associatedtherewith include regions of the extracellular domain of the Her-2/neuprotein (see Chourb et al., “Enhanced Immuno-detection of ShedExtracellular Domain of Her-2/neu,” Science Research 1(4): 325-329(2009), which is incorporated herein by reference). For example, somematrix metalloproteinases have been shown to be markers for breastcancers (see Roy et al., “Matrix Metalloproteinases as Novel Biomarkersand Potential Therapeutic Targets in Human Cancer,” Journal of ClinicalOncology, 27(31): 5287-5297 (2009), which is incorporated herein byreference). For example, analytes can include cancer markers such ascalreticulin, cellular retinoic acid-binding protein II, chlorideintracellular channel protein 1, EF-1-beta, galectin 1, peroxiredoxin-2,platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor, protein disulfideisomerase and ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 5 (see Gromov etal., “Up-regulated Proteins in the Fluid Bathing the Tumour CellMicroenvironment as Potential Serological Markers for Early Detection ofCancer of the Breast,” Molecular Oncology 4: 65-89 (2010), which isincorporated herein by reference). For example, an analyte can includecancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3) (see Chourb et al., “Improved Detection ofthe MUC1 Cancer Antigen CA 15-3 by ALYGNSA Fluorimmunoassay,” ScienceResearch 3(8): 524-528 (2011), which is incorporated herein byreference). An analyte can include circulating microRNAs. For example,circulating microRNAs have been found that are indicative of breastcancer cells (see Vilaamil et al., “MicroRNA for circulating tumor cellsdetection in breast cancer: In silico and in vitro analysis,” 2009 ASCOAnnual Meeting Abstract No. e22027, J Clin Oncol 27, (2009) (suppl)which is incorporated herein by reference). An analyte can includesecreted exosomes. For example, secreted exosomes are indicative of sometumors (see Koga et al., “Purification, Characterization and BiologicalSignificance of Tumor-derived Exosomes” Anticancer Research 25:3703-3708 (2005), which is incorporated herein by reference). Forexample, an analyte can be Maspin (see Luppi et al., “SensitiveDetection of Circulating Breast Cancer Cells by Reverse-TranscriptasePolymerase Chain Reaction of Maspin Gene” Annals of Oncology, 7: 619-624(1996), which is incorporated herein by reference). For example,analytes can include mammaglobin and B305D-C (see Reinholz et al.,“Evaluation of a Panel of Tumor Markers for Molecular Detection ofCirculating Cancer Cells in Women with Suspected Breast Cancer,”Clinical Cancer Research 11: 3722-3732 (2005), which is incorporatedherein by reference). See: U.S. Pat. No. 5,668,267 to Watson andFleming, “Polynucleotides Encoding Mammaglobin, a Mammary-specificBreast Cancer Protein;” U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,855,889 and 5,968,754 to Watsonand Fleming “Mammaglobin, a Mammary-specific Breast Cancer Protein;”U.S. Pat. No. 5,922,836 to Watson and Fleming “Mammaglobin Antigens;”U.S. Pat. No. 6,004,756 to Watson and Fleming “Method for Detecting thePresence of Breast Cancer by Detecting an Increase in Mammaglobin mRNAExpression;” and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,566,072 and 6,677,428 to Watson andFleming “Mammaglobin, a Secreted Mammary-specific Breast CancerProtein;” which are incorporated herein by reference.

The term “analytes,” as used herein, also includes analytes that areindicators, or markers, for tissue characteristics associated withtissue changes and neoplasia, such as: excessive cellular growth;inflammation; oxygen use; vascularization; and necrosis. For example, ithas been demonstrated that hypoxic regions of breast cancer massesexcrete the analyte lactate (see Semenza, “Tumor Metabolism: CancerCells Give and Take Lactate,” Journal of Clinical Investigation,118(12): 3835-3837 (2008), which is incorporated herein by reference).Other markers for hypoxia in solid tumors have been found (see Favaro etal., “Gene Expression and Hypoxia in Breast Cancer,” Genome Medicine,3(55) (2011), which is incorporated herein by reference). For example,multiple markers, including VPF/VEGF, flt-1, KDR, thrombospondin-1,collagen type I, fibronectin, versican and decorin, indicate thegeneration of vascular stroma in invasive breast carcinoma, breastcarcinoma in situ and metastatic breast carcinoma (see Brown et al.,“Vascular Stroma Formation in Carcinoma in Situ, Invasive Carcinoma, andMetastatic Carcinoma of the Breast,” Clinical Cancer Research 5:1041-1056, (1999), which is incorporated herein by reference). Forexample, analytes can include human epidermal growth factor receptor(hEGFR: see Li et al., “Inhibition of Cell Proliferation by an Anti-EGFRAptamer,” PLoS One, 6(6): e20299 (2011), which is incorporated herein byreference). For example, analytes can include markers of a reactivetumor stroma (see Radisky and Radisky, “Stromal Induction of BreastCancer: Inflammation and Invasion,” Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 8: 279-287(2007), which is incorporated herein by reference). In some embodiments,analytes include biochemical markers for inflammation, which canindicate a physiological reaction to the implant itself or a change inthe tissue independent of the implant.

Information from the plurality of sensor modules 150 A, B, C, D, E, Fand G integrated with the breast implant 140 described herein can assistin monitoring of breast tissue health and potential changes in breasttissue over time. By virtue of its capability of detecting analytes influid proximate to the breast implant 140, devices and systems describedherein can monitor a significant portion of the total breast tissue overtime from the interior of the breast for cellular changes, such as thedevelopment of neoplasia and cancer. The plurality of sensor modules 150A, B, C, D, E, F and G integrated with the breast implant 140 can detectanalytes present in interstitial fluid. The plurality of sensor modules150 A, B, C, D, E, F and G integrated with the breast implant 140 can beconfigured to detect analytes present in interstitial fluid proximal tothe breast implant 140. For example, information from the plurality ofsensor modules 150 A, B, C, D, E, F and G integrated with the breastimplant 140 described herein can assist in monitoring for breast cancer,hyperplasia, and related changes in breast tissue. For example,information from the plurality of sensor modules 150 A, B, C, D, E, Fand G integrated with the breast implant 140 described herein can assistin monitoring for cell changes within the tissue. Information from theplurality of sensor modules 150 A, B, C, D, E, F and G integrated with abreast implant 140 as described herein can be used by an individual andthe individual's medical team to inform decisions regarding furtherscreening, such as mammography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exams,and needle biopsies. Some embodiments of the breast implants describedherein are configured to be compatible for further screening modalities.For example, some embodiments of the breast implants described hereinare configured to include minimal ferromagnetic material. For example,some embodiments of the breast implants described herein are configuredto be radiolucent. For example, some embodiments of the breast implantsdescribed herein include internal shielding. Information from theplurality of sensor modules 150 A, B, C, D, E, F and G integrated withthe breast implant 140 described herein can be used by an individual andthe individual's medical team to decide if further screening iswarranted, or if such additional screening is not indicated at aparticular time. In an embodiment, each of the plurality of sensormodules (e.g., sensor modules 150 A, B, C, D, E, F and G as shown inFIG. 1) has its own unique identifier, information can be specified asarising from that specific module and, therefore, being relevant to theadjacent tissue. This information informs as to the appropriate regionof the breast tissue that can warrant further screening.

It is envisioned that the sensor modules utilized in the embodimentsdescribed herein can functionally persist in vivo for a period of years.Although a direct estimate of the duration of the functionality of aspecific sensor module depends on the specific embodiment, someembodiments envisioned herein are estimated to provide informationregarding analytes for a period of no less than 5 years after theimplantation surgery, while some are envisioned to provide informationregarding analytes in breast tissue for approximately 5 to approximately10 years after implantation and initiation of use. For example,embodiments including a number of sensor units that are uncovered oractivated over time can provide analyte detection over an extendedperiod of time. For example, some of the sensor units described hereinare estimated to provide functional analyte detection for a period ofyears. For example, some of the sensor units described herein may berecharged or refreshed. In some situations, a particular patient using abreast implant such as those described herein may choose to not have herbreast implant replaced when it ceases to function to monitor analytesfrom adjacent breast tissue. The implant structure itself will persistand continue to provide aesthetic benefits even without operationalsensor modules. The used or depleted sensor modules will be inert, andnot require removal. For example, a woman undergoing breastreconstruction after mastectomy may be most interested in analytedetection in the first five years after the initial cancer diagnosis, assuch detection may indicate a relapse or the persistence of cancer thatwas not adequately removed at the initial surgery. An implant such asdescribed herein may be desirable to monitor the five year post-cancerdiagnosis interval in a cancer patient after reconstruction. See TheAmerican Cancer Society. Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2011-2012,Atlanta: American Cancer Society, Inc., which is incorporated herein byreference.

In some embodiments, breast implants can be configured to minimallyinterfere with further screening through other modalities. For example,a breast implant can be fabricated with no or minimal amounts offerromagnetic materials, so as to not potentially interfere with laterscreening techniques that employ magnetic resonance, such as MRIscreening. See, for example, US Patent Application Publication No.2011/077736 to Rofougaran, “Breast Implant System Including Bio-MedicalUnits,” which is incorporated herein by reference. For example, a breastimplant can be configured to form minimal shadowing in mammography, suchas being fabricated with materials that do not reflect or refractX-rays. For example, a breast implant can be configured forcompatibility with ultrasound screening, such as being fabricated withmaterials that do not reflect or refract ultrasound waves. In someembodiments, breast implants include shielding for one or more features.For example, a breast implant may include shielding of a power source.For example, a breast implant may include shielding of a wire connector.A breast implant 140 can include shielding to minimize disruption of thebreast implant by other screening modalities. See, for example, USPatent Application Publication No. 2007/0106332, “MRI CompatibleImplanted Electronic Medical Device,” to Denker et al., which isincorporated herein by reference.

Breast implants configured to detect different analytes will be ofinterest to different patients, for example women who have previouslyhad a breast cancer diagnosis (e.g. reconstructive surgery patients) incomparison with women who have not had a breast cancer diagnosis (e.g.augmentation surgery patients). A woman who has had a previous historyof breast cancer can choose a breast implant with sensor modulesconfigured to detect the type of cancer that she had previously, e.g. tomonitor for a reoccurrence. In contrast, a woman who has been neverdiagnosed with breast cancer can choose a breast implant with sensormodules that are configured to detect cellular changes indicative ofbreast cancer more generally, or other tissue changes that may havemedical consequences. For example, a woman who has been previouslydiagnosed with HER-2/Neu positive breast cancer may be concerned with arecurrence of the original cancer after mastectomy (i.e. regrowth of thetumor from a small number of tumor cells not removed at surgery) and,therefore, may choose a breast implant including sensor modulesconfigured to respond to Her-2/Neu. For example, a woman who haspreviously been diagnosed with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer(ER+) may be concerned with recurrence of the original tumor afterlumpectomy and therefore can choose a breast implant including sensormodules configured to respond to the presence of ER+ cells. For example,sensor modules in a breast implant can be configured to respond to thepresence of abnormally high levels of estrogen receptor, such as foundin some cancer tissues. For example, a woman without a history of breastcancer diagnosis can choose a breast implant for use in augmentationsurgery that is configured to detect indicators of breast cancergenerally, such as mammoglobin, maspin, or matrix metaloproteinases. Forexample, a woman without a history of breast cancer diagnosis can choosea breast implant for use in augmentation surgery that is configured todetect indicators of tissue inflammation in the breast. For example, awoman without a history of breast cancer diagnosis can choose a breastimplant for use in augmentation surgery that is configured to detectindicators of neoplastic growth, such as vascularization, hypoxia,increased cellular division, and necrosis. See also American CancerSociety. Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2011-2012. Atlanta: AmericanCancer Society. Inc., which is incorporated herein by reference.

The analytes detected by the sensor modules are present in the fluid inthe tissue adjacent to the breast implant, which can includeinterstitial or extracellular fluid, lymph, and blood. Multiple studieshave indicated that cells, including cancer cells, release cellularcomponents into the interstitial or extracellular fluid in tissue, andthat such cellular components are indicative of the originating celltype. Proteins secreted from tumor cells, or a portion of the“secretome,” can serve as markers for the presence of tumor cells. See,for example: Kulasingham and Diamandis, “Tissue Culture-based BreastCancer Biomarker Discovery Platform,” International Journal of Cancer123: 2007-2012 (2008); and Wiig et al., “Interstitial Fluid: theOverlooked Component of the Tumor Microenvironment?” Fibrogenesis &Tissue Repair 3:12 (2010), which are each incorporated herein byreference. Surface proteins shed from cells can also serve as markersfor the presence of tumor cells. In some embodiments, whole or partialcancer cells, such as metastatic cells, can be detectable via theirspecific surface proteins.

Referring again to FIG. 1, the breast implant 140 includes a shell 145,which is substantially filled with a viscous material configured toimpart shape and texture to the breast 100. Some embodiments include lowprofile implants. The viscous material is compatible with biologicalimplants. For example, the shell 145 can be substantially filled with asaline solution. For example, the shell 145 can be a silicone-basedbarrier layer substantially filled with silicone gel. For example, thebreast implant 140 can include a shell 145 fabricated from a single gelbarrier layer configured to surround an elastomeric gel, as described inU.S. Pat. No. 8,043,373 “All-Barrier Elastomeric Gel-Filled BreastProsthesis,” to Schuessler and Powell, which is incorporated herein byreference. For example, the breast implant 140 can include a shell 145configured to include a variable cohesive gel, such as described in U.S.Pat. No. 8,070,808 “Variable Cohesive Gel Form-Stable Breast Implant” toMaxwell et al., which is incorporated herein by reference. For example,the breast implant 140 can include a shell 145 that includes internalpartitions configured to be surrounded by a fluid gel, such as describedin U.S. Pat. No. 3,559,214 “Compound Prosthesis” to Pangman, which isincorporated herein by reference. The breast implant 140 can includeother internal features, such as reservoirs, ports, expandable regions,sealing regions and stabilizing features. See, for example, US PatentApplication No. 2011/0208302 “Reconstructive Breast Prosthesis” toGlicksman, which is incorporated herein by reference. The breast implant140 can include a minimally invasive profile during implantationsurgery, such as described in International PCT Publication No. WO2008/014283 to Burnett, “Method and Apparatus for Minimally InvasiveImplants” which is incorporated herein by reference. The breast implant140 can include a shell with properties that inhibit tumor cell growth.See, for example, Zhang and Webster, “Poly-lactic-glycolic-acid surfacenanotopographies selectively decrease breast adenocarcinoma cellfunctions,” Nanotechnology 23: 155101 (2012), which is incorporatedherein by reference.

The shell 145 of the breast implant 140 can include a single layer, suchas of elastomeric polymer or firm silicone. The shell 145 of the breastimplant 140 can be fabricated from a bio-compatible material. The shell145 is configured to maintain the structural integrity of the implantwithout rupture or leakage of the viscous material inside the shell 145.In some embodiments, a breast implant 140 includes a shell 145 thatincludes at least two barrier layers. For example, a breast implant 140can include a shell 145 made up of two or more layers of silicone. Forexample, a breast implant 140 can include a shell 145 fabricated fromtwo or more sheets of elastomeric polymer. A shell 145 of a breastimplant 140 can include a plurality of barrier layers, or layers ofmaterial configured to maintain the structural integrity of the implantwithout rupture or leakage. The breast implant 140 can include a shellwith electrically insulating properties surrounding a low-conductancefiller material, such as described in International PCT Publication No.WO 2008/014283 to Burnett, “Method and Apparatus for Minimally InvasiveImplants,” which is incorporated herein by reference. The breast implant140 can include a shell with properties that inhibit tumor cell growth.See, for example, Zhang and Webster, “Poly-lactic-glycolic-acid surfacenanotopographies selectively decrease breast adenocarcinoma cellfunctions,” Nanotechnology 23: 155101 (2012), which is incorporatedherein by reference.

FIG. 1 also illustrates that the breast implant 140 includes a pluralityof sensor modules 150 A, B, C, D, E, F and G oriented around theexterior of the breast implant 140. It will be appreciated that eventhough FIG. 1 depicts seven sensor modules, any number of sensor modulescan be used. The sensor modules 150 A, B, C, D, E, F and G are orientedto detect one or more analytes in a fluid arising from a positionadjacent to the shell 145 of the breast implant 140, such as ininterstitial fluid from the surrounding tissue. The sensor modules 150A, B, C, D, E, F and G are positioned at a distance from each otheraround the exterior surface of the shell 145. The sensor modules 150 A,B, C, D, E, F and G can be positioned in a substantially equidistantorientation around the surface of the shell 145. As discussed furtherbelow, some of the sensor modules 150 A, B, C, D, E, F and G can beclustered around the surface of the shell 145 to more fully monitor aregion or area of adjacent breast tissue. In some embodiments, thesensor modules can be positioned in an irregular orientation, forexample to more comprehensively monitor a specific adjacent region oftissue, such as a previous cancer site or another region of interest.The sensor modules 150 A, B, C, D, E, F and G can be oriented tofunction as an array, a web or as part of a nodal network. The sensormodules 150 A, B, C, D, E, F and G are oriented and positioned tomonitor analytes in fluid from the breast tissue surrounding the breastimplant 140. The sensor modules 150 A, B, C, D, E, F and G can beconfigured to detect one or more biological analytes arising frombiological tissue, such as the breast tissue adjacent to a specificsensor module. The sensor modules 150 A, B, C, D, E, F and G can beoriented and positioned to monitor analytes in fluid from acomprehensive sampling of the breast tissue surrounding the breastimplant 140. The region of breast tissue monitored and the sensitivityof the monitoring depends on factors including the type of sensormodules, the position of the sensor modules, the orientation of thesensor modules, and the density of the sensor modules. The sensormodules 150 A, B, C, D, E, F and G shown in FIG. 1 are positioned andoriented to detect analytes in interstitial fluid substantially aroundthe entire periphery of the breast implant 140.

Devices and systems described herein can monitor a significantpercentage of the tissue within the total interior of a breast over timefor cellular changes, such as the development of cancer, by detectinganalytes in interstitial fluid around the entire periphery of the breastimplant 140. In some embodiments, the sensor modules are positioned toenhance monitoring of tissue in one or more regions of particularinterest. Although the size and positioning of particular breastimplants will vary depending on the specific individual patient andbreast tissue morphology, a breast implant 140 includes a shell 145 withan external surface that is positioned within and adjacent to breasttissue.

Different breast implants will be fashioned in different sizes andshapes, and sensor modules can be of any range of sizes. The positioningand total number of sensor modules attached to a breast implant willvary depending on the embodiment. As breast implant sizes depend on thespecific embodiment, the corresponding space available for the placementof sensor modules depends on the specific implant. The breast implant140 illustrated in FIG. 1 is depicted as an elongated teardrop shapewith a flattened back region, but in some embodiments a breast implant140 will be configured as an ellipse, an ovoid, a disk or other shape.Therefore, depending on the shape and size of the breast implant 140utilized in a given embodiment, the potential positions and numbers ofsensor modules 150 will vary. However, for a breast implant 140 of anygiven shape and size, the number and position of sensor modules 150around the circumference of the shell 145 will be selected to providesampling of fluid adjacent to the periphery of the shell 145.

In some embodiments, sensors may be clustered or oriented to provideadditional monitor capability in regions of breast tissue of particularinterest. For example, a region of a breast implant 140 adjacent to theoriginal tumor locus can have additional sensor modules 150 for use inreconstructive surgery. For example, a region of the breast implant 140that may be adjacent to a breast tissue region difficult to visualizethrough mammography, such as a region of the implant 140 positionedadjacent to the chest wall (e.g. regions 122, 120 and 124 in FIG. 1) canhave additional sensor modules 150 to provide additional monitoringcapability in that tissue region.

In some embodiments, such as illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, sensormodules 150 of a single type are attached to and approximately equallydistributed around the external surface of the shell 145 of the breastimplant 140. However, in some embodiments, regions of unequal densityand/or sensor module types may be fabricated and implemented. In someembodiments, sensor modules 150 are positioned on a breast implant 140in a region of interest for monitoring. For example, in an embodimentwherein the region adjacent to the chest wall is of particular interestin monitoring for cellular changes, the region of the shell 145 of thebreast implant 140 configured to be positioned adjacent to the chestwall may have a higher density of sensor modules 150 attached than otherregions of the breast implant 140.

In some embodiments, sensor modules 150 of particular types may beattached to particular regions of the shell 145 of the breast implant140. For example, sensor modules 150 configured to detect changes inductal breast tissue may be attached to the region of the shell 145 ofthe implant 140 adjacent to most of the ductal tissue (e.g. afront-facing portion of the implant 140) in a particular individual. Forexample, sensor modules 150 configured to detect changes in breasttissue in the regions of the chest wall may be attached to the region ofthe shell 145 of the implant 140 adjacent to the chest wall (e.g. arear-facing portion of the implant 140) in a particular individual. Insome embodiments, some regions of the shell 145 of the breast implant140 are left with few or no sensor modules 150 and other regions includea dense coverage of sensor modules 150.

In some embodiments and as illustrated in FIG. 1, each of the sensormodules 150 includes a unique identifier for that sensor module 150. Forexample, FIG. 1 includes sensor modules 150 A, B, C, D, E, F and G,wherein each of the letter designations represents a unique identifierfor that sensor module 150. A unique identifier for a sensor module 150is a specific identifier that denotes that sensor module 150 (e.g. 150A) and no other sensor module 150 (e.g. 150 B, C, D, E, F and G). As anadditional example, FIG. 2 includes sensor modules 150 A, B, C, D, E, F,G, H, I, J and K, wherein each of the letter designations represents aunique identifier for that sensor module 150. In some embodiments, aunique identifier associated with a sensor module includes analphanumeric code. An alphanumeric code is made up of some combinationof letters and numbers, such as 123, ABC, 12B34, AB34CD, or similarcodes. In some embodiments, a unique identifier for a sensor moduleincludes a positional identifier. A positional identifier includesinformation relative to the specific size and shape of a particularbreast implant 140. For example, a positional identifier for a sensormodule may include positional information such as “upper right frontcorner” or “lower center of rear face” or similar information. Forexample, a positional identifier for a sensor module may includepositional information such as “grid location 1A” or “intersection ofgridlines X and Y.” In some embodiments, a unique identifier for asensor module includes an electronic code, such as a radio frequencyidentification (RFID) identifier code. In some embodiments, a uniqueidentifier for a sensor module includes a digital code. In someembodiments, a unique identifier for a sensor module includes an analogcode. In some embodiments, a unique identifier for a sensor moduleincludes a machine code. In some embodiments, sensor modules of aparticular type can have a common identifier; wherein such identifier isdifferent from those of sensor modules of a different type.

FIG. 2 illustrates further aspects of a breast implant 140 with aplurality of attached sensor modules 150 A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, Kand L. Illustrated in FIG. 2 is an external, ex-vivo view of a breastimplant 140. FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment wherein the plurality ofsensor modules 150 A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K and L attached to theshell 145 of the breast implant 140 are substantially equally positionedover the surface of the shell. The plurality of sensor modules 150 A, B,C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K and L attached to the shell 145 of the breastimplant 140 shown in FIG. 2 are attached in an approximately evendistribution on the shell 145 surface. The plurality of sensor modules150 A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K and L attached to the shell 145 ofthe breast implant 140 shown in FIG. 2 are attached in a grid-likearray. The flat view illustrated in FIG. 2 is a depiction of a pluralityof sensor modules 150 A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K and L attached tothe shell 145 of the breast implant 140 and does not fully represent the3-dimensional nature of the distribution of the sensor modules 150 A, B,C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K and L on a shell 145 that is substantiallycurved or includes an arc structure.

FIG. 2 includes a series of lines (e.g. 200, 210, 220) as dashed linesforming a grid over the surface of the breast implant 140. For purposesof illustration these are represented as dashed lines but may be presentin other forms in different embodiments, and can be visible, invisibleto a standard observer, or virtual. Position-indicating lines such asthose shown in FIG. 2 (e.g. 200, 210, 220) can serve to describe regionsof the surface of a breast implant 140. For example, in FIG. 2 the linemarked 210 and the line marked 220 intersect at the location on thesurface of the implant 140 corresponding to the location of sensormodule marked 150 I. The location of the sensor module marked as 150 Imay, therefore, be identified as the “intersection of line 210 and line220.” Similarly, regions of a breast implant 140 surface including morethan one sensor module 150 can be identified by the positional linessurrounding that region of the implant 140 surface. Although thepositional lines shown in FIG. 3 are distributed evenly, someembodiments can include lines in an irregular or uneven pattern, forexample to correspond to the surface shape of a breast implant 140 of anirregular or uneven shape. Some embodiments can include other positionalmarks, such as edge identifiers, quadrant positional marks, or similaridentifiers of position on the surface of the implant 140. Someembodiments can include positional marks that are not visible, such asvirtual marks based on physical features of the breast implant 140, suchas “a location 3 cm from the upper right quadrant” or similar positionalinformation. Some embodiments can include fiducial markers.

Further aspects of a breast implant 140 are illustrated in FIG. 3. FIG.3 shows a cross-sectional view of a breast implant 140 ex-vivo. FIG. 3illustrates a breast implant 140 with an outer shell 145 and an interior300 substantially filled with a viscous material. In the view shown inFIG. 3, sensor modules 150 A, 150 B, 150 C and 150 D are distributedapproximately equally around the external surface of the shell 145. FIG.3 illustrates an embodiment wherein the breast implant 140 has been cutapproximately in half along a plane corresponding to the widest part ofthe breast implant 140. In general, the implant 140 is of a size andshape desirable in a particular embodiment and the sensor modules 150 A,B, C and D are correspondingly positioned relative to each other. Forexample, a breast implant 140 that is approximately 12.5 cm across (e.g.in a straight line between sensor modules 150 D and 150 B) andapproximately 12 cm long (e.g. in a straight line between sensor modules150 A and 150 C), the total perimeter of the breast implant 140 would beapproximately 76 cm and the distance between the center of each sensormodule 150 (e.g. 150 A) and its adjacent sensor modules 150 (e.g. 150 Dand 150 B) would be approximately 19 cm along the surface of the shell145. For example, embodiments can include breast implants including aplurality of sensor modules attached to the shell, and wherein thecenters of the sensor modules attached to the shell are separated bydistances of approximately 5 cm to approximately 8 cm. For example,embodiments can include breast implants including a plurality of sensormodules attached to the shell, and wherein the centers of the sensormodules attached to the shell are separated by distances ofapproximately 3 cm to approximately 6 cm. For example, embodiments caninclude breast implants including a plurality of sensor modules attachedto the shell, and wherein the centers of the sensor modules attached tothe shell are separated by distances of approximately 1 cm toapproximately 4 cm. For example, embodiments can include breast implantsincluding a plurality of sensor modules attached to the shell, andwherein the centers of the sensor modules attached to the shell areseparated by distances of less than approximately 1 cm. Some embodimentsthat include sensor modules fabricated on a microsensor scale or ananosensor scale, with corresponding small distances between the sensormodules.

As shown in FIG. 3, a power source 330 is located within the interior300 of the shell 145 of the breast implant 140. The power source 330illustrated in FIG. 3 is operably attached to the plurality of sensormodules 150 A, 150 B, 150 C and 150 D through the wire connections 340.The power source 330 illustrated in FIG. 3 is positioned substantiallywithin the shell 145. However, the reader will appreciate that the powersource can be located exterior to the shell 145 of the implant. As shownin FIG. 3, the power source 330 is not directly attached to the shell145. Although not illustrated in FIG. 3, there may be additionaltethers, supports or internal structures within the breast implant 140attached to the power source 330 and stabilizing the relative positionof the power source 330. For example, the breast implant 140 can includea shell 145 that includes a power source attached to internal partitionssuch as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,559,214 “Compound Prosthesis”to Pangman, which is incorporated herein by reference. For example, thebreast implant 140 can include a shell 145 that includes a power sourceattached to stabilizing features such as those described in US PatentApplication No. 2011/0208302 “Reconstructive Breast Prosthesis” toGlicksman, which is incorporated herein by reference. In someembodiments, a power source 330 can be attached to an exterior surfaceof the shell 145. In some embodiments, a power source 330 can beintegrated into a sensor module 150 and attached as part of the sensormodule 150 to the external surface of the shell 145. Although notillustrated in FIG. 3, in some embodiments each sensor module 150 caninclude its own power source 330. Although not illustrated in FIG. 3, insome embodiments there may be a plurality of power sources 330, and eachpower source 330 attached to a group of sensor modules 150.

A power source 330 can be of a variety of types, depending on theembodiment. A power source 330 can be an energy-storage device such as abattery, such as a thin film battery, a “button” battery, a rechargeablebattery or a disposable battery. A power source 330 can be a batteryconfigured for use with small implantable integrated circuits, such asdescribed in European Patent Application No. 1,867,275 to Scarantino etal., “Systems Comprising Implantable Devices for Dynamic Monitoring ofTumors,” which is incorporated herein by reference. A power source 330can include the battery and capacitor power sources described in PCTInternational Application No. US2006/022761 to Mangrum et al., “Methodand Apparatus for Monitoring Implants,” which is incorporated herein byreference. A power source can include a thin film battery, such asdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,338,625 “Thin Film Battery and Method forMaking Same,” to Bates et al., which is incorporated herein byreference. A power source can include a battery fabricated on amicro-scale or a nano-scale. A power source can include a micro-batteryor a nano-battery. A power source can be rechargeable. A power sourcecan include a rechargeable battery.

A power source can include a wirelessly transmitted power source. See,for example: Laskovski et al., “Wireless Power Technology for BiomedicalImplants,” in Biomedical Engineering, DOI: 10.5772/7880; and Laskovskiand Yuce, “Class-E Oscillators as Wireless Power Transmitters forBiomedical Implants,” 3rd International Symposium on Applied Sciences inBiomedical and Communication Technologies ISABEL 2010 (2010), which areeach incorporated herein by reference. A power source can include animplanted pulse generator. See, for example, US Patent ApplicationPublication No. 2005/0143787 “Method and System for Providing ElectricalPulses for Neuromodulation of Vagus Nerve(s), Using RechargableImplanted Pulse Generator,” to Boveja and Widhany, which is incorporatedherein by reference. A power source can include a piezoelectric powersource that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. A powersource can include an ultrasound receiver and a transducer to convertthe received ultrasound energy into power for the sensor module system.A power source can include a microgenerator. A power source can includea photovoltatic element that receives optical energy from an exteriorsource. A power source can include a micromechanical (MEMS) based powersource. See, for example, Lueke and Moussa, :MEMS-Based Power GenerationTechniques for Implantable Biosensing Applications,” Sensors, 11,1433-1460; doi:10.3390/s110201433 (2011), which is incorporated hereinby reference. A power source can include one or more biofuel cells. See,for example: Barton et al., “Enzymatic Biofuel Cells for Implantable andMicroscale Devices,” Chem. Rev. 104: 4867-4886 (2004); U.S. Pat. No.3,941,135, “Pacemaker with Biofuel Cell” to von Sturm and Richter; U.S.Pat. No. 7,709,134, “Microfluidic Biofuel Cell,” to Minteer et al.; USPatent Application Publication No. 2008/0160384, “Integrated BiofuelCell with Aligned Nanotube Electrodes and Method of Use Thereof,” toIqbal and Wang; and US Patent Application Publication No. 2011/0250510,“Glucose Biofuel Cell,” to Cinquin et al., which are each incorporatedherein by reference. See U.S. Pat. No. 7,236,821, “Chronically-ImplantedDevice for Sensing and Therapy,” to Cates, which is incorporated hereinby reference.

FIG. 3 illustrates that each of the sensor modules 150 A, B, C, D arepositioned and oriented on the shell 145 of the breast implant 140 sothat each sensor module 150 A, B, C, D can monitor analytes in fluidfrom a specific region of breast tissue. Each of the sensor modules 150A, B, C, D is positioned on the surface of the shell 145 at a distancefrom each other. Each of the sensor modules 150 A, B, C, D is orientedon the surface of the shell 145 to detect one or more analytes in afluid adjacent to the shell 145. As shown in FIG. 3, sensor module 150 Ais positioned to monitor analytes in fluid from tissue in the adjacentregion identified as 310. FIG. 3 also illustrates that sensor module 150B is oriented to monitor analytes in fluid from tissue in the adjacentregion identified as 395. FIG. 3 shows sensor module 150 C oriented tomonitor analytes in fluid from the adjacent tissue region indicated as350. FIG. 3 also illustrates sensor module 150 D positioned to monitoranalytes in fluid from tissue in the adjacent region 370.

Since each of the sensor modules 150 A, B, C, D can also include its ownunique identifier, any information regarding detected analytes in fluidwhile the breast implant 140 is in use is also informative for thecorresponding adjacent region of tissue. For example, during in-vivo usean analyte in a fluid detected by sensor module 150 A can be expected tohave arisen from adjacent tissue region 310. As an additional example,during in-vivo use a positive signal for an analyte arising from sensormodule 150 B and including the specific identifier of sensor module 150B can be assumed to come from an analyte flowing to the sensor module150 B in fluid from tissue region 395. Also for example, if sensormodule 150 C detects an analyte, that analyte can be expected to havearisen in the region of adjacent tissue identified as 350. As a furtherexample, if information from sensor module 150 D indicates that ananalyte has been detected, the analyte can be expected to have come fromfluid in region 370. Identification of the region of tissue that ananalyte is expected to have arisen from provides an individual and theindividual's health care team information as to where a possible changein breast tissue has occurred, and therefore a region to focus furtherscreening efforts. For example, a region of breast tissue with apositive indicator may be further screened through palpation or biopsyof the region. For example, a region of breast tissue with a positiveindicator may be further screened through focused imaging such asultrasound, MRI or mammography.

As illustrated in FIG. 3, the sensor modules 150 A, B, C, D may bepositioned so that there is some overlap in the adjacent tissue that thesensor modules 150 A, B, C, D are reasonably expected to monitor fluidfrom during the expected use of the breast implant 140. Positioning thesensor modules 150 A, B, C, D in close enough proximity for overlappingregions of tissue to monitor fluid arising from them can reduce thechance that an analyte in tissue fluid adjacent to the breast implant140 will fail to be detected by at least one of the sensor modules 150A, B, C, D. Positioning the sensor modules 150 A, B, C, D withoverlapping regions of sensitivity can also assist in locating theregion of adjacent breast tissue that is a candidate for furtherscreening. For example, if a system provides information that bothsensor modules 150 A and 150 B have detected an analyte in fluid, thefluid can be expected to have been in the overlapping monitoring tissueregion for both sensor modules A and B (illustrated in FIG. 3 as region320). For example, if sensor modules 150 B and 150 C both detect ananalyte in fluid from adjacent tissue, further screening can be focusedon the tissue region that includes the sensitivity region of both sensormodule 150 B and 150 C (e.g. region 390 in FIG. 3). As a furtherexample, if both sensor modules 150 C and 150 D provide information thatthey have detected an analyte at a similar time, the analyte can havearisen in fluid from tissue region 360, and that region of breast tissuecan be the focus of further screening. Also by way of example, ifinformation arising from sensor modules 150 D and 150 A indicates thatan analyte is present in the adjacent tissue of both sensor modules, anadjacent region such as indicated at 380 in FIG. 3 can be the subject offurther screening.

Sensor modules can be attached to the surface of the shell using avariety of techniques. For example, in embodiments wherein the sensormodules are attached to an external surface of the 150 A, B, C, D, suchas illustrated in FIG. 3, the sensor modules can be affixed to thesurface using an adhesive. In some embodiments, one or more aspects ofsensor modules are directly printed onto the surface of the shell.

FIG. 4 illustrates further aspects of a breast implant 140. The breastimplant 140 depicted in FIG. 4 is shown in cross-section, a similar viewas FIG. 3. However, the breast implant illustrated in FIG. 4 is adifferent embodiment than that illustrated in FIG. 3. FIG. 4 shows abreast implant 140 including a shell 145 substantially filled with aviscous material 300. The breast implant 140 illustrated in FIG. 4includes sensor modules 150 A, B, C and D positioned at approximatelyequal distances from each other around the surface of the shell 145. Asshown in FIG. 4, a breast implant 140 can include a plurality of powersources 330. The breast implant 140 also includes two power sources, 330A and 330 B. Each of the power sources 330 A and 330 B are attached tothe exterior of the shell 145. One power source, 330 A, is operablyattached to two sensor modules 150 A, 150 D with a wire connection 340A. One power source, 330 B, is operably attached to two sensor modules150 B, 150 C with a wire connection 340 B. The wire connections 340 A,340 B are positioned adjacent to the exterior surface of the shell 145.

FIG. 4 also illustrates a breast implant 140 wherein the shell 145comprises a plurality of barrier layers. The different layers canprovide, for example, additional protection against leakage of theinterior viscous material 300 out of the breast implant 140 over asingle barrier layer. The different layers can provide, for example,additional structure, such as for support for the sensor modules 150 A,B, C, D and the power sources 330 A, 330 B. The shell 145 illustrated inFIG. 4 includes two barrier layers 400, 410. The barrier layers 400, 410are substantially similar sizes and shapes, with the inner barrier layer400 within and slightly smaller than the outer barrier layer 410. InFIG. 4, the barrier layers 400, 410 are in a nesting configurationrelative to each other with a minimal volume of space between the layers400, 410. In some embodiments, a plurality of barrier layers can be ofdifferent sizes, with a larger volume of space between the layers. Theplurality of layers may be of different shapes with relative sizes toallow the layers to nest within each other. Structural features of thebreast implant 140 may be positioned between barrier layers of the shell145, and may be attached to one or more of the barrier layers. Forexample, one or more power sources 330 A, 330 B may be positioned withinthe barrier layers 400, 410 of the shell 145 (e.g. between layer 400 andlayer 410 as shown in FIG. 4). For example, one or more wire connections340 A, 340 B can be positioned within the barrier layers 400, 410 of theshell 145 (e.g. between layer 400 and layer 410 as shown in FIG. 4).

FIG. 5 illustrates aspects of a breast implant 140 including a pluralityof sensor modules 150 A, 150 B, 150 C and 150 D. The breast implant 140depicted in FIG. 5 is shown in cross-section, a similar view as in FIGS.3 and 4. The breast implant 140 includes interior viscous material 300.The shell 145 includes at least one barrier layer including at least onecavity, the at least one cavity configured to reversibly mate with asurface of at least one of a plurality of sensor modules. In theillustration of FIG. 5, the barrier layer is identical to the shell 145;however, in some embodiments, there is a distinct barrier layer adjacentto the interior or exterior surface of the shell 145. As shown in FIG.5, the shell 145 includes a barrier layer with a cavity 500 A configuredto reversibly mate with the surface of sensor module 150 A. AlthoughFIG. 5 depicts a gap between the surface of the cavity 500 A and thesurface of the sensor module 150 A, this gap is present for illustrativepurposes in the Figure. In many embodiments, the surface of the cavity500 A and the surface of the sensor module 150 A would be positioned indirect contact with each other. An adhesive or other fastener in the gapbetween the surface of the cavity 500 A and the surface of the sensormodule 150 A can be included to ensure that the sensor module 150 A issecure relative to the cavity 500 A. As shown in FIG. 5, at least onesurface of the sensor module 150 A is configured to align within thecorresponding cavity 500 A in the shell 145. Similarly, the sensormodules 150 B, 150 C and 150 D include surfaces configured to reversiblymate with the corresponding cavities 500 B, 500 C and 500 D in the shell145. Although the cavities 500 A, B, C, D illustrated in FIG. 5 are allsubstantially the same shape (i.e. rectangular), in some embodiments theshell 145 can include a plurality of cavities 500 of different sizes andshapes to correspond in size and shape to a plurality of sensor modules150.

FIG. 5 shows a porous cover 510 A positioned over a sensor module 150 A.For purposes of illustration, the porous cover 510 A is shown asseparate from the breast implant 140, but in actual use the porous cover510 A could be positioned against the edge 520 of the cavity 500 A, oras illustrated by the arrow adjacent to the porous cover 510 A shown inFIG. 5. In some embodiments, a porous cover is positioned adjacent toonly a section of a sensor module 150. A porous cover can include asubstantial region that is porous, such as being entirely fabricatedfrom a mesh-like material. A porous cover can include specific regionsthat are porous, such as regions configured to be positioned adjacent tothe analyte binding regions of the sensor module 150 A. The size of theholes, or pores, in the porous cover 510 A can be selected to improvethe efficiency of the sensor module 150 A. In some embodiments, theporous membrane can be a selective membrane. For example, the porouscover 510 A can include pores of a size to minimize the presence ofunwanted cellular debris that may be present adjacent to the breastimplant 140. For example, the porous cover 510 A can include pores thatare configured to form a biocompatible layer between the sensor module150 A and the adjacent tissue. See, for example, US Patent ApplicationNo. 2011/0282444 to Liu et al., “Porous Materials, Methods of Making andUses,” which is incorporated herein by reference. For example, theporous cover 510 A can include material having a configuration whichpromotes the growth of vascular tissue adjacent to the sensor module 150A, thereby increasing the adjacent fluid available for sampling. See,for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,800,529 to Brauker et al., “CloseVascularization Implant Material,” which is incorporated herein byreference. For example, the porous cover 510 A can include abiointerface membrane configured to improve the biointerface betweenimplantable devices and the adjacent tissue. See, for example, U.S. Pat.No. 7,364,592 to Carr-Brendel et al., “Biointerface Membrane with Macro-and Micro-Architecture,” which is incorporated herein by reference. Anadhesive or other fastener, such as a clip, at the edge 520 of thecavity 500 A and the surface of the porous cover 510 A can be includedto ensure that the porous cover 510 A is secure relative to the cavity500 A. Similarly, if a porous cover 510 A is configured to be positionedadjacent to only a region of a sensor module, and adhesive or clip canbe included to secure the porous cover 510 A. The porous cover 510 A canbe configured to be removable and replaceable. The porous cover 510 Acan be configured to be modular, and to fit on a plurality of cavities500 with edge regions 520 the same size and shape.

FIG. 6 illustrates aspects of a breast implant 140 including a pluralityof sensor modules 150 A, 150 B, 150 C and 150 D. The breast implant 140depicted in FIG. 6 is shown in cross-section, a similar view as in FIGS.3, 4 and 5. The breast implant 140 includes interior viscous material300. As shown in FIG. 6, the shell 145 includes at least one barrierlayer including at least one aperture 600, the at least one aperture 600with a rim surface 610 configured to reversibly mate with a surface ofat least one of the plurality of sensor modules 150. As shown in FIG. 6,at least one surface of the sensor module 150 A is configured to alignwithin the corresponding rim surface 610 of an aperture 600 A in theshell 145. Similarly, the sensor modules 150 B, 150 C and 150 D includesurfaces configured to reversibly mate with the rim surfaces 610 of thecorresponding apertures 600 B, 600 C and 600 D in the shell 145. Asillustrated in FIG. 6, the shell 145 includes an aperture 600A with rimsurface 610 configured to reversibly mate with the outer surface ofsensor module 150 A. Similarly, FIG. 6 illustrates that the shell 145includes a plurality of apertures 600 A, 600 B, 600 C, 600 D, each ofwhich include rim surfaces 610 configured to reversibly mate with theouter surface of a corresponding sensor module 150 A, 150 B, 150 C, 150D. An adhesive or other fastener can be included on the rim surface 610to ensure that a sensor module 150 is secure relative to the rim surface610 of an aperture 600. Although the apertures 600 A, B, C, Dillustrated in FIG. 6 are all substantially the same shape (i.e.rectangular), in some embodiments the shell 145 can include a pluralityof apertures 600 of different sizes and shapes to correspond in size andshape to a plurality of sensor modules 150.

As illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6 as well as the associated text, theplurality of sensor modules 150 operably attached to the shell 145 canbe modular. The plurality of sensor modules 150 operably attached to theshell 145 can be configured to be replaceable. For example, a breastimplant 140 can include a plurality of cavities 500 in the shell 145(e.g. as shown in FIG. 5) configured to reversibly mate with the surfaceof a plurality of sensor modules 150 of different types, allowingsubstitution of different types of sensor modules 150 with specificbreast implants 140 as desired in a specific situation. For example, astandard breast implant 140 with cavities 500 of a standard size andshape can be manufactured and sensor modules 140 inserted as desired tosuit a particular medical situation. For example, a breast implant 140can include a plurality of apertures 600 in the shell 145 (e.g. as shownin FIG. 6) with rim surfaces configured to reversibly mate with thesurface of a plurality of sensor modules 150 of different types,allowing substitution of different types of sensor modules 150 withspecific breast implants 140 as desired in a specific situation. Forexample, a standard breast implant 140 with apertures 600 of a standardsize and shape can be manufactured and sensor modules 140 inserted assuitable for a particular patient. For example, sensor modules 140configured to respond to Her2/neu proteins may be included in a breastimplant 140 intended for use in a reconstructive surgery with a patientwho has a history of a Her2/neu positive breast cancer diagnosis. Forexample, sensor modules 140 configured to respond to markers of breastcancer tissue abnormalities, such as hypoxia, necrosis and inflammation,may be included in a breast implant 140 intended for use in anaugmentation surgery in a person without a history of breast cancerdiagnosis. Although FIGS. 5 and 6 do not specifically illustrate a powersource 330, one or more power source can be included, with connectionsto the sensor modules that are configured to be reversible. For example,if the connection between a power source 330 and a replaceable sensormodule 150 includes a wire connection 340, a socket or other connectionsite can be included on the sensor module 150 at a location configuredto mate with the wire connection 340 at a cavity 500 or aperture 600.For example, one or more power sources 330 can be positioned within anaperture. For example, one or more power sources can be positionedwithin a cavity.

FIG. 7 illustrates aspects of a sensor module 150. As illustrated inFIG. 7, the sensor module 150 includes two individual sensor units, 700,710. In some embodiments, a sensor module 150 can include a singlesensor unit or more than two sensor units. Each sensor unit 700, 710includes a sensor configured to detect at least one analyte. Each sensorcan be configured to respond to a specific analyte, or a group ofanalytes. The individual sensor units 700, 710 illustrated in FIG. 7 canbe configured to detect the same or different analytes, depending on theembodiment. The individual sensor units 700, 710 illustrated in FIG. 7can be configured to detect analytes of different types. For example, asensor unit 700 can be configured to detect the presence of maspinprotein in the fluid originating adjacent to the implant 140 and asensor unit 710 can be configured to detect the presence of Her2/neuprotein in the fluid originating adjacent to the implant 140. In someembodiments, the sensor units 700, 710 in a sensor module 150 caninclude sensor units that are configured to be activated at differenttimes. For example, the sensor units 700, 710 can include long termanalyte sensors, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,577,470, “LongTerm Analyte Sensor Array” to Shah et al., which is incorporated hereinby reference. See also European Patent Application No. 06718063.8 toShah et al., “Fabrication of Multi-Sensor Arrays,” which is incorporatedherein by reference. For example, the sensor units 700, 710 can includea plurality of sensors, each of which are isolated and inactive until anopening is formed in a covering over the respective sensor, such asdescribed in European Patent Application No. 01926347.4,“Microfabricated Devices and Methods for Storage and Selective Exposureof Chemicals,” to Santini et al., which is incorporated herein byreference. See also US Patent Application No. 2011/0082356 to Yang etal., “Analyte Sensor Apparatuses Having Interference Rejection Membranesand Methods for Making and Using Them,” which is incorporated herein byreference.

In some embodiments, a sensor unit can include a recognition element anda transducer. See, e.g. Bohunicky and Mousa, “Biosensors: The New Wavein Cancer Diagnosis,” Nanotechnology, Science and Applications, 4(2011), which is incorporated herein by reference. A recognition elementis configured to detect an analyte. In some embodiments, a recognitionelement detects an analyte through molecular binding to the analyte. Forexample, some recognition elements include proteins, antibodies,antibody fragments, aptamers, or nucleic acids that bind to specificanalytes. Recognition elements can include, for example, aptamers,molecularly imprinted polymers, antibodies, antibody mimics, or antibodysynthetics. A transducer within a sensor unit can convert a signal fromthe recognition element that an analyte has been detected to an output,such as an electrical output. In some embodiments, the transducer is anelectrochemical transducer that converts a chemical signal to anelectrical output. In some embodiments, the transducer is an opticaltransducer that converts an optical signal to an electrical output. Insome embodiments, the transducer is responsive to mass change, andconverts a mass change into an electrical signal. For example, thetransducer can include a piezoelectric element. In some embodiments, thetransducer is a calorimetric transducer that converts a thermal signalto an electrical output.

In some embodiments, a sensor module can include a processor. Forexample, a sensor module can include a micromechanical system (MEMS)device, including a microprocessor and microsensor units. In someembodiments, a sensor module can include an antenna. For example, theantenna can be configured to respond to electromagnetic energy in theradio-frequency (RF) range. In some embodiments, a sensor module caninclude an energy harvesting unit. For example, a sensor module caninclude a passive RFID energy harvesting unit. In some embodiments, asensor module can include a radio frequency identification (RFID) unit.In some embodiments, a sensor module can include a programmable RFIDdevice such as the Wireless Identification and Sensing Platform (WISP).See, for example, Sample et al., “Design of an RFID-Based Battery-FreeProgrammable Sensing Platform,” IEEE Transactions of Instrumentation andMeasurement, 57:11, 2608-2615 (2008), which is incorporated herein byreference. In some embodiments, the sensor module can include a switch.For example, the sensor module can include a switch configured to changethe state of a processor when an analyte is detected. For example, thesensor module can include a switch configured to enable a transmissionunit when an analyte is detected.

In some embodiments, a sensor module includes a plurality of reservoirs.For example, the sensor units can be operably attached to one or morereservoirs configured to provide reagent(s) required by the sensor unitsduring use. For example, the sensor units can be operably attached toone or more reservoirs configured to provide protection to the sensorunits during use. Each of the reservoirs can include a removable coverconfigured to be removed prior to use of that specific reservoir. Forexample, each of the reservoirs can include a removable cover configuredto dissolve slowly over time and thereby provide the internalreagent(s). For example, each of the reservoirs can include a removablecover configured to be removed by a specific signal. See, for example,European Patent Application No. 01926347.4, “Microfabricated Devices andMethods for Storage and Selective Exposure of Chemicals,” to Santini etal., and U.S. Pat. No. 7,410,616, “Device for the Controlled Exposure ofReservoir-Based Sensors,” to Santini et al., which are each incorporatedherein by reference. See also US Patent Application No. 2011/0082356 toYang et al., “Analyte Sensor Apparatuses Having Interference RejectionMembranes and Methods for Making and Using Them,” which is incorporatedherein by reference.

The sensor units 700, 710 in a sensor module 150 such as illustrated inFIG. 7 can include a variety of sensor types. In some embodiments, asensor module 150 includes sensor units 700, 710 of different types. Forexample, sensor unit 700 can be configured to detect an analyte (“A”)and sensor unit 710 can be configured to detect a different analyte(“B”). Sensor units 700, 710 can be selected based on the analyte(s) ofinterest in a particular embodiment. Sensor units 700, 710 can beselected based on factors such as cost, performance, durability, sizeand energy requirements. A sensor module 150 can include a recognitionelement that detects an analyte. In some embodiments, the sensor units700, 710 in a sensor module 150 can include at least one recognitionelement. In some embodiments, the sensor units 700, 710 in a sensormodule 150 can include sensor units that include chemiresistors. Forexample, the sensor units 700, 710 in a sensor module 150 can include achemically sensitive resistor such as described in US Patent ApplicationNo. 2006/0034731, “Sensor Arrays for Detecting Analytes in Fluids,” toLewis and Gao, which is incorporated herein by reference. For example,the sensor units 700, 710 can include a chemiresistor-based sensor suchas described in US Patent Application No. 2010/0276302, “Chemiresistorfor Use in Conducting Electrolyte Solution,” to Raguse and Chow, whichis incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the sensorunits 700, 710 in a sensor module 150 can include a chemical affinitybased sensor. In some embodiments, the sensor units 700, 710 in a sensormodule 150 can include nanoparticle-based sensor units. For example, thesensor units 700, 710 in a sensor module 150 can include ananoparticle/nanofiber based chemical sensor such as described in USPatent Application No. 2007/0114138, “Nanoparticle/Nanofiber BasedChemical Sensor, Arrays of Such Sensors, Uses and Method of FabricationThereof, and Method of Detecting an Analyte,” to Krasteva et al., whichis incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the sensorunits 700, 710 in a sensor module 150 can include optical-based sensors.For example, the sensor units 700, 710 in a sensor module 150 caninclude an optical-based sensor with a sensor body that functions as awave guide. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,304,766 “Optical-BasedSensing Devices, Especially for In-Situ Sensing in Humans” to Colvin,which is incorporated herein by reference. For example, the sensor units700, 710 in a sensor module 150 can include an optically readable array.See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,302,289, “Readable Probe for In-VivoUse,” to Crowley, which is incorporated herein by reference. In someembodiments, the sensor units 700, 710 in a sensor module 150 caninclude electric or acoustic fields. See, for example, European PatentApplication No. 05008128.0, “Implantable Biosensor and Methods forMonitoring Cardiac Health,” to Shelchuk, and U.S. Pat. No. 7,223,237,“Implantable Biosensor and Methods for Monitoring Cardiac Health,” toShelchuk, which are each incorporated herein by reference. A sensormodule can include a recognition element including at least one aptamerconfigured to bind to an analyte. In some embodiments, the sensor units700, 710 in a sensor module 150 can include aptamer-based sensors. See,for example: Lai et al., “Aptamer-Based Electrochemical Detection ofPicomolar Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Directly in Blood Serum,” Anal.Chem. 79: 229-233 (2007); Lee et al., “Aptamers and MolecularRecognition Elements for Electrical Nanobiosensors,” Anal. Bioanal Chem.390: 1023-1032 (2008); So et al., “Single-Walled Carbon NanotubeBiosensors Using Aptamers as Molecular Recognition Elements,” JACSCommunications 127: 11906-11907 (2005); and Savran et al.,“Micromechanical Detection of Proteins Using Aptamer-Based ReceptorMolecules,” Anal. Chem. 76:3194-3198 (2004), which are each incorporatedherein by reference. A sensor module can include a recognition elementincluding at least one nucleic acid configured to bind to an analyte. Insome embodiments, the sensor units 700, 710 in a sensor module 150 caninclude piezoelectric sensors. See, for example, Tombelli et al.,“Piezoelectric Biosensors: Strategies for Coupling Nucleic Acids toPiezoelectric Devices,” Methods 37: 48-56 (2005), which is incorporatedherein by reference. In some embodiments, the sensor units 700, 710 in asensor module 150 can include voltammetric sensors. See, for example,Blanco-Lopez et al., “Voltammetric Sensor for Vanillylmanelic Acid Basedon Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Modified Electrodes,” Biosensors andBioelectronics 18: 352-362 (2003), which is incorporated herein byreference. In some embodiments, the sensor units 700, 710 in a sensormodule 150 can include field effect transistors. See, for example,Maehashi et al., “Label-Free Protein Biosensor Based on Aptamer-ModifiedCarbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors,” Anal. Chem. 79: 782-787(2007), which is incorporated herein by reference. A sensor module caninclude a recognition element including at least one antibody configuredto bind to an analyte. In some embodiments, the sensor units 700, 710 ina sensor module 150 can include immunosensors. See, for example, U.S.Pat. No. 7,006,858, “Implantable, Retrievable Sensors andImmunosensors,” which is incorporated herein by reference. In someembodiments, the sensor units 700, 710 in a sensor module 150 can beconfigured to release an agent detectable by energy in the infraredregion of the spectrum in response to an analyte. See, for example, U.S.Pat. No. 7,964,390, “Sensor System” to Rozakis et al., which isincorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, a sensor unit700, 710 can be refreshed or recharged for long-term use.

In some embodiments, the sensor units 700, 710 in a sensor module 150can include sensor units that include crystalline colloidal array ofpolymer spheres polymerized within a hydrogel. See, for example, Holtzand Asher, “Polymerized Colloidal Crystal Hydrogel Films as IntelligentChemical Sensing Materials,” Nature 389: 829-832 (1997), which isincorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the sensor units700, 710 in a sensor module 150 can include sensor units that include anintegrated biosensor system for the simultaneous detection of aplurality of different types of targets. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No.6,743,581, “Multifunctional and Multispectral Biosensor Devices andMethods of Use” to Vo-Dinh, which is incorporated herein by reference.In some embodiments, the sensor units 700, 710 in a sensor module 150can include sensor units that include at least one wirelesscomplementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensor. See, for example,US Patent Application Publication No. 2009/0298704 to Anwar, “WirelessCMOS Biosensor,” which is incorporated herein by reference. See also:Daniel et al., “Implantable Diagnostic Device for Cancer Monitoring,”Biosens. Bioelectron. 24:11, 3252-3257 (2009); and Ling et al.,“Implantable Magnetic Relaxation Sensors Measure Cumulative Exposure toCardiac Biomarkers,” Nature Biotechnology 29: 3 273-278, which are eachincorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the sensor units700, 710 in a sensor module 150 can include sensor units that includemagnetic particles, wherein the extent of aggregation of the magneticparticles are indicative of the presence or absence of an analyte. See,for example, US Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0072994 to Leeand Berry, “NMR Systems for In Vivo Detection of Analytes,” which isincorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the sensor units700, 710 in a sensor module 150 can include sensor units that include ahydrogel matrix with sensor particles. See, for example, US PatentApplication Publication No. 2010/0331634 to Müller et al., “HydrogelImplant for Sensing Metabolites in Body Tissue,” which is incorporatedherein by reference. In some embodiments, the sensor units 700, 710 in asensor module 150 can include sensor units that include an optical-basedsensor including light-absorbing indicator molecules. See, for example,U.S. Pat. No. 6,304,766 to Colvin, “Optical-Based Sensing Devices,Especially for In-Situ Sensing in Humans,” which is incorporated hereinby reference. In some embodiments, the sensor units 700, 710 in a sensormodule 150 can include sensor units that include an optically readablepolydeoxy-nucleotide array with integral fluorescence excitation andfluorescence emission channels. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No.7,302,289 to Crowley, “Readable Probe Array for In-Vivo Use,” which isincorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, a sensor unit700, 710 can be refreshed or recharged for long-term use. In someembodiments, the sensor units 700, 710 in a sensor module 150 caninclude sensor units that include a plurality of analyte bindingdomains, with each binding domain being capable of specifically andreversibly binding to at least one target analyte. See, for example,U.S. Pat. No. 7,951,605 to Pitner and Vonk, “Multianalyte Sensor,” whichis incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, the sensorunits 700, 710 in a sensor module 150 can include sensor units thatinclude materials that produce a detectable change when the sensor unitis exposed to an analyte, such as the release of an infrared (IR)detectable dye. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,964,390 to Rozakis etal., “Sensor System,” which is incorporated herein by reference. In someembodiments, the sensor units 700, 710 in a sensor module 150 caninclude sensor units that include graphene-based nanosensors. See, forexample, Mannoor et al., “Graphene-based Wireless Bacteria Detection onTooth Enamel,” Nature Communications, 3:763 doi: 10.1038/ncommsl767(2012).

In some embodiments, the sensor units 700, 710 in a sensor module 150can include sensor units utilizing recognition elements that are nucleicacid ligands, such as aptamers, configured to bind to specific targetproteins that are analytes. In some embodiments, aptamers can berecognition elements for specific analytes. In some embodiments,aptamers specific to particular analytes can be generated using an invitro selection process referred to as SELEX (Systematic Evolution ofLigands by Exponential enrichment). See, for example U.S. Pat. No.5,475,096, “Nucleic Acid Ligands,” to Gold et al., and U.S. Pat. No.5,270,163, “Methods for Identifying Nucleic Acid Ligands,” to Gold etal., which are each incorporated herein by reference. In someembodiments, one or more sensor units include chemiresistors withaptamers. Aptamers can be thiol-functionalized during fabrication of achemiresistor with aptamers configured as functional elements.Thiol-functionalized binding aptamers can be obtained from commercialsources such as Integrated DNA Technology, Inc. (Coralville, Iowa).Examples of a thiol-functionalized aptamers for breast cancer analytescan be found, for example, in Da Pieve et al., “Development of Anti-MUC1DNA Aptamers for the Imaging of Breast Cancer,” Breast Cancer Res,10(Suppl 2):P62, (2008), which is incorporated herein by reference. Thechemoresistor sensor units carrying recognition elements can beconfigured, for example, to detect analytes that are proteins or proteinfragments, such as MUC 1 protein, Her2 protein, or PDGF-AA protein (see,e.g., Chourb et al., “Enhanced Immuno-Detection of Shed ExtracellularDomain of Her-2/Neu,” Sci. Res. 1:4, 325-329 (2009), which isincorporated herein by reference). As shown in FIG. 7, a sensor module150 can include a structural region 730. The structural region 730 canbe fabricated from a variety of materials, depending on the embodiment.For example, the structural region 730 can be fabricated from a polymer,a silicone-based material, a fabric, or a resin. The structural region730 can be fabricated from flexible materials, or configured forflexibility. The structural region 730 can be fabricated to bebio-compatible. The structural region 730 can be fabricated to be smalland lightweight to minimize added weight on the shell 145 from thesensor modules 150. The structural region 730 can include a base orsupport for various portions of the sensor module 150. The structuralregion 730 can include adhesive to affix the sensor module 150 to thesurface of a shell of a breast implant. The structural region 730 caninclude one or more surfaces configured to reversibly mate with asurface of a cavity in a barrier layer in a shell of a breast implant.The structural region 730 can include one or more apertures. Thestructural region 730 can include an outer shell or cover over theentirety or a part of the various portions of the sensor module 150. Forexample, the structural region 730 can include one or more areasconfigured to allow analytes to flow from the tissue fluid adjacent tothe breast implant into the sensor module 150, such as illustrated asregions 750 and 760 in FIG. 7. For example, one or more areas of thestructural region 730 configured to allow analytes to flow from thetissue fluid adjacent to the breast implant into the sensor module 150can include one or more mesh-like or porous regions. For example, thestructural region 730 can include a region of film configured withmicrochannels to direct fluid from the adjacent tissue to a positionadjacent to the sensor units 700, 710. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No.6,420,622 “Medical Article Having Fluid Control Film,” to Johnston etal., which is incorporated herein by reference. For example, thestructural region 730 can include a polymeric cover. For example, thestructural region 730 can include an additional coating. See U.S. Pat.Nos. 6,119,028 and 6,477,395, “Implantable Enzyme-Based MonitoringSystems Having Improved Longevity Due to Improved Exterior Surfaces,” toSchulman et al., which are each incorporated herein by reference. Forexample, the structural region 730 can include a cover that can beopened in response to a specific signal, such as described in EuropeanPatent Application No. 01926347.4, “Microfabricated Devices and Methodsfor Storage and Selective Exposure of Chemicals,” to Santini et al., andU.S. Pat. No. 5,797,898, “Microchip Drug Delivery Devices,” to Santiniet al., which are each incorporated herein by reference.

Although the sensor module 150 illustrated in FIG. 7 includes astructural region 730, in some embodiments a structural module does notinclude a distinct structural region 730 surrounding the sensor module150. For example, in some embodiments, the sensor module 150 includeselements that are directly attached to the surface of the shell. Forexample, in some embodiments, the sensor module 150 includes elementsthat are embedded within the shell.

The sensor module 150 shown in FIG. 7 includes a unique identifier, 720.A unique identifier is configured to identify a particular sensor module150 from any other sensor modules 150 attached to a shell of aparticular breast implant. For example, a unique identifier can includean alphanumeric code. For example, a unique identifier can include apositional identifier. For example, a unique identifier can include anelectronic code, such as a radio frequency identification (RFID)identifier code. For example, a unique identifier can include anelectronic code, such as a binary-based code.

In some embodiments, a sensor module 150 includes a power source 330.The power source 330 can serve as a power source specific to that sensormodule 150. The power source 330 can serve as a power source foradjacent or related sensor modules 150 (see, e.g. FIG. 4). The powersource 330 can include a capacitor. The power source 330 can include anantenna. The power source 330 can include an antenna operable to storeelectrical energy received from a power source external to the breastimplant. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,479,886, “Antenna Capacitancefor Energy Storage” to Burr, and Sample et al., “Photovoltaic EnhancedUHF RFID Tag Antennas for Dual Purpose Energy Harvesting,” 2011 IEEEInternational Conference on RFID, 146-153 (2011), which are eachincorporated herein by reference.

A sensor module 150 can include a switch. For an example of a switchthat can be connected to a sensor, see U.S. Pat. No. 7,411,505 “SwitchStatus and RFID Tag” to Smith, which is incorporated herein byreference. For example, a sensor module can include a switch configuredto activate a power source after an analyte is detected. In someembodiments, a sensor module 150 includes a switch configured toactivate a processor. For example, a sensor module 150 can include aswitch controlling a processor, so that the processor is activated whenthe sensor module detects an analyte. In some embodiments, a sensormodule 150 includes a switch configured to activate a transmission unit.For example, a sensor module 150 can include a switch controlling atransmission unit, so that the transmission unit initiates a signal whenthe sensor module detects an analyte.

FIG. 8 illustrates additional aspects of a breast implant 140. Thebreast implant 140 depicted in FIG. 8 is shown in cross-section, asimilar view as in FIGS. 3, 4 and 5. The breast implant 140 includesinterior viscous material 300. FIG. 8 shows a breast implant 140including shell 145 and a plurality of sensor modules 150 A, B, C, Dattached to the exterior of the shell 145. Within the interior region ofthe shell are positioned a processor 800 and an operably attached powersource 330. As shown in FIG. 8, the processor 800 is operably attachedto the plurality of sensor modules 150 A, B, C, D through a plurality ofwire connections 340. Each of the plurality of sensor modules 150 A, B,C, D are attached to a processor 800 with a wire connection 340. Theprocessor 800 is operably attached to a power source 330. In theembodiment illustrated, the power source 330 can be configured toprovide power to the sensor modules 150 A, B, C, D as well as theprocessor 800.

FIG. 9 illustrates additional aspects of a processor 800. In theembodiment shown in FIG. 8, the processor 800 is directly attached to apower source 330. In some embodiments, the processor 800 is indirectlyattached to a power source 330, such as attached through a circuitincluding a sensor module directly attached to the power source 330. Theprocessor 800 can include non-volatile memory 900. The processor 800 caninclude volatile memory 905. The processor 800 can include circuitry910, which can be configured to operably connect to the other featuresof the processor 800. The processor 800 can include logic 920. Theprocessor can include an antenna 930. The antenna 930 can be an antennaconfigured to operate in the radio frequency (RF) spectrum. Someembodiments can include a self-compensating antenna, such as describedin U.S. Pat. No. 7,055,754 to Forster, titled “Self-CompensatingAntennas for Substrates having Differing Dielectric Constant Values,”which is incorporated herein by reference. An antenna 930 can includedielectric material configured to electrically interact with one or moreantennas. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,055,754 to Forster, titled“Self-Compensating Antennas for Substrates Having Differing DielectricConstant Values,” which is incorporated herein by reference. A processor800 can include additional features 940, 950, 960, depending on theembodiment. For example, a processor can include circuitry configured toaccept input from a plurality of sensor modules. For example, aprocessor can include a second antenna. For example, a processor caninclude a switch, such as a switch configured to change states inresponse to a signal from one or more sensor modules.

FIG. 10 illustrates aspects of a breast implant 140. The breast implant140 depicted in FIG. 10 is shown in cross-section, a similar view as inFIGS. 3, 4, 5 and 8. The breast implant 140 includes interior viscousmaterial 300. FIG. 10 shows a breast implant 140 including a shell 145and a plurality of sensor modules 150 A, B, C, D attached to theexterior of the shell 145. Within the interior region of the shell arepositioned a processor 800 and an operably attached power source 330. Asshown in FIG. 10, the processor 800 is operably attached to theplurality of sensor modules 150 A, B, C, D through a plurality of wireconnections 340. In some embodiments, the processor can be operablyattached to the plurality of sensor modules 150 A, B, C, D through aplurality of fiber-optic connectors. Each of the plurality of sensormodules 150 A, B, C, D are attached to a processor 800 with a wireconnection 340. The processor 800 is operably attached to a power source330.

FIG. 10 shows that the processor 800 is operably attached to atransmission unit 1000. A ‘transmission unit,” as used herein, is a unitthat functions to transmit a signal out of the implant region. In someembodiments, a transmission unit can transmit a signal to a regionexternal from the person carrying the implant, such as to a remotedevice. In some embodiments, a transmission unit can transmit a signalwithin the body to a secondary receiver that then transmits acorresponding signal out of the body. A transmission unit 1000 can beconfigured to transmit a signal in response to an interrogation signal.For example, a transmission unit 1000 can be configured to transmit asignal after receiving an interrogation signal originating from a remotedevice. A transmission unit 1000 can include a transponder utilizingelectromagnetic waves, for example as described in “FundamentalOperating Principles,” in Chapter 3 of the RFID Handbook: Fundamentalsand Applications in Contactless Smart Cards and Identification, KlausFinkenzeller, John Wiley & Sons, (2003), which is incorporated herein byreference. A transmission unit 1000 can include an oscillator andencoder configured to generate a programmable pulse position-modulatedsignal in the radio frequency range. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No.4,384,288 to Walton, titled “Portable Radio Frequency EmittingIdentifier,” which is incorporated herein by reference. A transmissionunit 1000 can include a radio frequency identification device (RFID). Atransmission unit 1000 can be configured to be a transmitter of signalsin the UHF range. A transmission unit 1000 including an RFID device canbe configured to transmit signals in the UHF standard range utilized ina global region, as illustrated in the “Worldwide RFID UHF Map” byIntelleflex Corporation (©2009), which is incorporated herein byreference. A transmission unit 1000 can include a radio frequencyidentification device (RFID), which can be a passive RFID device, asemi-passive RFID device, or an active RFID device, depending on theembodiment. See, for example, Chawla and Ha, “An Overview of PassiveRFID,” IEEE Applications and Practice, 11-17 (September 2007), which isincorporated herein by reference. A transmission unit 1000 can include abattery-assisted passive RFID device. A transmission unit 1000 caninclude an optical transmitter unit. A transmission unit 1000 can beconfigured to transmit at approximately 13.56 megahertz (MHz), or withinthe ISO 14443 standard parameters. See Patauner et al., “High SpeedRFID/NFC at the Frequency of 13.56 MHz,” presented at the FirstInternational EURASIP Workshop on RFID Technology, pages 1-4, 24-25 Sep.2007, Vienna Austria, which is incorporated herein by reference. Atransmission unit 1000 can include a hybrid backscatter systemconfigured to function in an RFID, IEEE 802.11x standard and Bluetoothsystem. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,215,976 to Brideglall, titled“RFID Device, System and Method of Operation Including a Hybridbackscatter-based RFID Protocol Compatible with RFID, Bluetooth and/orIEEE 802.11x Infrastructure,” which is incorporated herein by reference.A transmission unit 1000 can include a near field communication (NFC)device. A transmission unit 1000 can include a Wireless Identificationand Sensing Platform (WISP) device, manufactured by Intel Corporation,such as described in the “WISP: Wireless Identification and SensingPlatform” webpage (downloaded on Oct. 28, 2011) incorporated herein byreference. A transmission unit 1000 can include an infrared (IR) source(approximately 0.74 μm to 300 μm in wavelength). A transmission unit1000 can include a light source in the visible wavelengths(approximately 380 nm to 740 nm in wavelength).

FIG. 11 illustrates aspects of a breast implant 140 in use. FIG. 11depicts a cross-section view of the breast implant 140 in situ within abreast 100. FIG. 11 shows a cross-section view through the side of anindividual person, including a cross-section of the individual's ribs130 in the chest wall. The breast implant 140 includes a plurality ofsensor modules 150 A, B, C, D, E, F and G. Each of the sensor modules150 A, B, C, D, E, F and G is attached to the shell 145 and oriented todetect one or more analytes in a fluid adjacent to the shell 145. In theinterior of the breast implant 140 is a processor 800, which is attachedto a power source 330 and a transmission unit 1000. Although for thepurposes of illustration connections are not explicitly shown betweenthe processor 800 and the sensor modules 150 A, B, C, D, E, F and G,such connections are present in the illustrated embodiment. Informationregarding the status of the sensors is conveyed from the individualsensor modules 150 A, B, C, D, E, F and G to the processor 800 throughconnections (not illustrated). The processor 800 then causes a signal1110 to be sent from the transmission unit 1000 to a remote device 1120.A user 1130, such as a medical professional, operates the remote device1120. Although user 1130 is shown/described herein as a singleillustrated figure, user 1130 can be representative of a human user, arobotic user (e.g., computational entity), and/or substantially anycombination thereof (e.g., a user can be assisted by one or more roboticagents) unless context dictates otherwise. In general, the same may besaid of “sender” and/or other entity-oriented terms as such terms areused herein unless context dictates otherwise.

The remote device 1120 can be integrated into a multifunctional device,such as a cell phone, medical scanner, nursing personal digitalassistant (PDA), or other device. In some embodiments, the remote device1120 is integrated into a piece of medical equipment. In someembodiments, the remote device 1120 is a stand-alone device. The remotedevice 1120 can include an indicator unit 1150, such as a display,touchscreen, light indicator, auditory indicator, vibration emitter, orsimilar units. The remote device 1120 can include a user interface 1140such as a keyboard, one or more buttons, a touchscreen, or similarunits. The remote device 1120 can include a transmitter configured totransmit signals 1100 configured to be received by the breast implant140. For example, signals 110 transmitted from the remote device 1120can be configured to be received by the transmission unit 1000. In someembodiments, the signal 1100 may be a radio-frequency wave, an IR wave,or ultrasound.

Although the remote device 1120 is illustrated in FIG. 11 as a distanceaway from the surface of the breast 100, in some embodiments the remotedevice 1120 may have an operational range that is no more thanapproximately 5-10 cm in linear distance. Therefore, in some embodimentsthe remote device 1120 can be placed in contact with the surface of thebreast 100, or in close proximity to the breast 100 (i.e. no more than10 cm away from the surface), during use.

FIG. 12 illustrates aspects of a remote device 1120. The remote device1120 is configured to receive signals 1110 from a breast implant in situ(not depicted). The remote device 1120 is operated by a user 1130, suchas a medical professional. The remote device 1120 includes an indicatorunit 1150 that is a display. The remote device 1120 includes a userinterface 1140 that is a keyboard. The remote device 1120 includescircuitry 1200 configured for receiving information from a breastimplant. For example, the remote device 1120 can include a receiver. Forexample, the remote device 1120 can include an antenna. For example, theremote device 1120 can include a processor. For example, the remotedevice 1120 can include non-volatile memory. For example, the remotedevice 1120 can include logic. For example, the remote device 1120 caninclude instructions for operations relating to monitoring informationfrom a breast implant. For example, the remote device 1120 can includelook-up tables and other stored information that can be associated witha stored signal, such as the relative location on a breast implant forthe sensor module associated with each specific identification code.

FIG. 13 depicts a sensor module 150. In the illustrated embodiment, acircuitry region 1300 of the sensor module 150 is printed on to thesurface of a breast implant (as described in Example 1, below). Thecircuitry region 1300 includes an RFID unit 1310, including an antennaand an identification code specific for the sensor module 150. Thecircuitry region 1300 includes a power source 330. The sensor module 150also includes an array 1320 of sensor units 700. Although sensor units700 are all depicted similarly, they can include sensors configured toidentify different analytes (see Example 1). Each sensor unit 700 in thearray 1320 is part of a set 1330, 1335, 1340, 1345, 1350, 1355, 1360,1365, 1370, 1375, 1380, 1385. As shown in FIG. 13, each set 1330, 1335,1340, 1345, 1350, 1355, 1360, 1365, 1370, 1375, 1380, 1385 of sensorunits 700 in the array includes 7 sensor units 700. Each of the sets set1330, 1335, 1340, 1345, 1350, 1355, 1360, 1365, 1370, 1375, 1380, 1385can include its own cover (not illustrated). Each cover can befabricated so as to be disrupted when electrical current is appliedacross the cover (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,577,470, “Long Term AnalyteSensor Array” to Shah et al., which is incorporated herein byreference). Each cover can be operably connected to the power source330. In some embodiments, each set 1330, 1335, 1340, 1345, 1350, 1355,1360, 1365, 1370, 1375, 1380, 1385 of sensor units 700 in the arrayincludesa cover. In some embodiments, each of the sensor units in a setincludes a cover.

A method of monitoring information from a breast implant, such as thosedescribed herein, includes: receiving first information from a firstsensor module attached to a shell of a breast implant within anindividual, wherein the first information includes a first unique sensormodule identifier and sensor data from the first sensor module;receiving second information from a second sensor module attached to theshell of the breast implant within the individual, wherein the secondinformation includes a second unique sensor module identifier and sensordata from the second sensor module; forming an initial record from thefirst information and the second information; calculating deviationlimits regarding the initial record; setting deviation parameters basedon the deviation limits and a predetermined set of standards; saving theinitial record and the deviation parameters in memory in a computingdevice; receiving third information from the first sensor moduleattached to the shell of the breast implant within the individual,wherein the third information includes the first unique sensor moduleidentifier and sensor data from the first sensor module; receivingfourth information from the second sensor module attached to the shellof the breast implant within the individual, wherein the fourthinformation includes the second unique sensor module identifier andsensor data from the second sensor module; updating the initial recordwith the third information and the fourth information; saving theupdated record in memory in the computing device; comparing the updatedrecord to the initial record and to the deviation parameters; andindicating if the updated record is within the deviation parameters ofthe initial record. Some embodiments of the method of monitoringinformation from a breast implant include: receiving fifth informationfrom the first sensor module attached to the shell of the breast implantwithin the individual, wherein the fifth information includes the firstunique sensor module identifier and sensor data from the first sensormodule; receiving sixth information from the second sensor moduleattached to the shell of the breast implant within the individual,wherein the sixth information includes the second unique sensor moduleidentifier and sensor data from the second sensor module; updating theinitial record with the fifth information and the sixth information;saving the updated record in memory in the computing device; comparingthe updated record to the initial record and to the deviationparameters; and indicating if the updated record is within the deviationparameters of the initial record. This method can be carried out, forexample, by a remote device. In some embodiments, the deviationparameters include no information or insufficient information from atleast one sensor module.

In some embodiments, a method of monitoring information from a breastimplant includes: sending a signal from a transmission unit attached toone or more sensor modules attached to a breast implant in vivo, whereinthe signal contains information regarding the detection of one or morebiological analytes by the one or more sensor modules. The signal can bereceived, for example, by a remote device. Information regarding thereceived signal can be processed, for example, by a remote device. Adisplay including at least a portion of the processed information can beinitiated by the remote device. A display including at least a portionof the processed information can be initiated by the remote device. Thesignal can be saved in memory in a remote device or in a remote device.Processed information regarding the signal can be saved in memory in aremote device or in a remote device. In some embodiments, a detectionresult for each of the one or more sensor modules includes a positiveresult, a negative result, or a null result. For example, a positiveresult can indicate the detection of an analyte by a specific sensormodule. For example, a negative result can indicate no detection of ananalyte by a specific sensor module. For example, a null result canindicate no information, or insufficient information, regardingdetection of an analyte by a specific sensor module.

In some embodiments, a method of monitoring information from a breastimplant includes: sending, from a remote device, a query signal to atleast one transmission unit attached to a breast implant in vivo, the atleast one transmission unit attached to one or more sensor modulesconfigured to detect biological analytes in fluid from biologicaltissue; receiving, from a remote device, a response signal from the atleast one transmission unit attached to the breast implant, the responsesignal including information from the one or more sensor modules;processing, in a computing device, the response signal to identifyinformation from the one or more sensor modules; and identifying, foreach of the one or more sensor modules, a detection result and a uniqueidentifier. In some embodiments, the detection result for each of theone or more sensor modules includes a positive result, a negativeresult, or a null result. For example, a positive result can indicatethe detection of an analyte by a specific sensor module. For example, anegative result can indicate no detection of an analyte by a specificsensor module. For example, a null result can indicate no information,or insufficient information, regarding detection of an analyte by aspecific sensor module. Some embodiments include initiating a display ofthe detection result and the unique identifier for at least one of thesensor modules. For example, initiating a display can include initiatinga display on a computer screen or touchpad. For example, initiating adisplay can include initiating a printout. Some embodiments includeinitiating a graphic display of the breast implant, the graphic displayincluding a position for each of the sensor modules and the detectionresult for at least one of the sensor modules. For example, initiating agraphic display of the breast implant can include initiating a diagramor illustration of the breast implant on a computer screen, the graphicdisplay including representations of the sensor modules, and thedetection result for at least one of the sensor modules. For example,initiating a graphic display of the breast implant can includeinitiating a diagram or illustration of the breast implant created as acomputer printout. Some embodiments include saving at least one resultin a remote device or a remote computing device. Some embodimentsinclude saving, for each of the one or more sensor modules, a detectionresult in a remote device or a remote computing device. Some embodimentsinclude saving the response signal in a remote device or a remotecomputing device.

The state of the art has progressed to the point where there is littledistinction left between hardware, software, and/or firmwareimplementations of aspects of systems; the use of hardware, software,and/or firmware is generally (but not always, in that in certaincontexts the choice between hardware and software can becomesignificant) a design choice representing cost vs. efficiency tradeoffs.There are various vehicles by which processes and/or systems and/orother technologies described herein can be effected (e.g., hardware,software, and/or firmware), and the preferred vehicle will vary with thecontext in which the processes and/or systems and/or other technologiesare deployed. For example, if an implementer determines that speed andaccuracy are paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly hardwareand/or firmware vehicle; alternatively, if flexibility is paramount, theimplementer may opt for a mainly software implementation; or, yet againalternatively, the implementer may opt for some combination of hardware,software, and/or firmware. Hence, there are several possible vehicles bywhich the processes and/or devices and/or other technologies describedherein may be effected, none of which is inherently superior to theother in that any vehicle to be utilized is a choice dependent upon thecontext in which the vehicle will be deployed and the specific concerns(e.g., speed, flexibility, or predictability) of the implementer, any ofwhich may vary. Optical aspects of implementations will typically employoptically-oriented hardware, software, and or firmware.

In some implementations described herein, logic and similarimplementations may include software or other control structures.Electronic circuitry, for example, may have one or more paths ofelectrical current constructed and arranged to implement variousfunctions as described herein. In some implementations, one or moremedia may be configured to bear a device-detectable implementation whensuch media hold or transmit device detectable instructions operable toperform as described herein. In some variants, for example,implementations may include an update or modification of existingsoftware or firmware, or of gate arrays or programmable hardware, suchas by performing a reception of or a transmission of one or moreinstructions in relation to one or more operations described herein.Alternatively or additionally, in some variants, an implementation mayinclude special-purpose hardware, software, firmware components, and/orgeneral-purpose components executing or otherwise invokingspecial-purpose components. Specifications or other implementations maybe transmitted by one or more instances of tangible transmission mediaas described herein, optionally by packet transmission or otherwise bypassing through distributed media at various times.

Alternatively or additionally, implementations may include executing aspecial-purpose instruction sequence or invoking circuitry for enabling,triggering, coordinating, requesting, or otherwise causing one or moreoccurrences of virtually any functional operations described herein. Insome variants, operational or other logical descriptions herein may beexpressed as source code and compiled or otherwise invoked as anexecutable instruction sequence. In some contexts, for example,implementations may be provided, in whole or in part, by source code,such as C++, or other code sequences. In other implementations, sourceor other code implementation, using commercially available and/ortechniques in the art, may be compiled, implemented, translated, and/orconverted into a high-level descriptor language (e.g., initiallyimplementing described technologies in C or C++ programming language andthereafter converting the programming language implementation into alogic-synthesizable language implementation, a hardware descriptionlanguage implementation, a hardware design simulation implementation,and/or other such similar mode(s) of expression). For example, some orall of a logical expression (e.g., computer programming languageimplementation) may be manifested as a Verilog-type hardware description(e.g., via Hardware Description Language (HDL) and/or Very High SpeedIntegrated Circuit Hardware Descriptor Language (VHDL)) or othercircuitry model which may then be used to create a physicalimplementation having hardware (e.g., an Application Specific IntegratedCircuit). Those skilled in the art will recognize how to obtain,configure, and optimize suitable transmission or computational elements,material supplies, actuators, or other structures in light of theseteachings.

The foregoing detailed description has set forth various embodiments ofthe devices and/or processes via the use of block diagrams, flowcharts,and/or examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, flowcharts, and/orexamples contain one or more functions and/or operations, each functionand/or operation within such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples canbe implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range ofhardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. Inone embodiment, several portions of the subject matter described hereinmay be implemented via Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs),Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors(DSPs), or other integrated formats. However, some aspects of theembodiments disclosed herein, in whole or in part, can be equivalentlyimplemented in integrated circuits, as one or more computer programsrunning on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs runningon one or more computer systems), as one or more programs running on oneor more processors (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or moremicroprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof,and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code for thesoftware and or firmware would be well within the skill of one of skillin the art in light of this disclosure. In addition, the mechanisms ofthe subject matter described herein are capable of being distributed asa program product in a variety of forms, and that an illustrativeembodiment of the subject matter described herein applies regardless ofthe particular type of signal bearing medium used to actually carry outthe distribution. Examples of a signal bearing medium include, but arenot limited to, the following: a recordable type medium such as a floppydisk, a hard disk drive, a Compact Disc (CD), a Digital Video Disk(DVD), a digital tape, a computer memory, etc.; and a transmission typemedium such as a digital and/or an analog communication medium (e.g., afiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wired communications link, a wirelesscommunication link (e.g., transmitter, receiver, transmission logic,reception logic, etc.), etc.).

In a general sense, those skilled in the art will recognize that thevarious aspects described herein which can be implemented, individuallyand/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware,and/or any combination thereof can be viewed as being composed ofvarious types of “electrical circuitry.” Consequently, as used herein,“electrical circuitry” includes, but is not limited to, electricalcircuitry having at least one discrete electrical circuit, electricalcircuitry having at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuitryhaving at least one application specific integrated circuit, electricalcircuitry forming a general purpose computing device configured by acomputer program (e.g., a general purpose computer configured by acomputer program which at least partially carries out processes and/ordevices described herein, or a microprocessor configured by a computerprogram which at least partially carries out processes and/or devicesdescribed herein), electrical circuitry forming a memory device (e.g.,forms of memory (e.g., random access, flash, read only, etc.)), and/orelectrical circuitry forming a communications device (e.g., a modem,communications switch, optical-electrical equipment, etc.). The subjectmatter described herein may be implemented in an analog or digitalfashion or some combination thereof.

At least a portion of the devices and/or processes described herein canbe integrated into an image processing system. A typical imageprocessing system generally includes one or more of a system unithousing, a video display device, memory such as volatile or non-volatilememory, processors such as microprocessors or digital signal processors,computational entities such as operating systems, drivers, applicationsprograms, one or more interaction devices (e.g., a touch pad, a touchscreen, an antenna, etc.), control systems including feedback loops andcontrol motors (e.g., feedback for sensing lens position and/orvelocity; control motors for moving/distorting lenses to give desiredfocuses). An image processing system may be implemented utilizingsuitable commercially available components, such as those typicallyfound in digital still systems and/or digital motion systems.

At least a portion of the devices and/or processes described herein canbe integrated into a data processing system. A data processing systemgenerally includes one or more of a system unit housing, a video displaydevice, memory such as volatile or non-volatile memory, processors suchas microprocessors or digital signal processors, computational entitiessuch as operating systems, drivers, graphical user interfaces, andapplications programs, one or more interaction devices (e.g., a touchpad, a touch screen, an antenna, etc.), and/or control systems includingfeedback loops and control motors (e.g., feedback for sensing positionand/or velocity; control motors for moving and/or adjusting componentsand/or quantities). A data processing system may be implementedutilizing suitable commercially available components, such as thosetypically found in data computing/communication and/or networkcomputing/communication systems.

The herein described components (e.g., operations), devices, objects,and the discussion accompanying them are used as examples for the sakeof conceptual clarity and that various configuration modifications arecontemplated. Consequently, as used herein, the specific exemplars setforth and the accompanying discussion are intended to be representativeof their more general classes. In general, use of any specific exemplaris intended to be representative of its class, and the non-inclusion ofspecific components (e.g., operations), devices, and objects should notbe taken limiting.

The herein described subject matter sometimes illustrates differentcomponents contained within, or connected with, different othercomponents. It is to be understood that such depicted architectures aremerely exemplary, and that in fact many other architectures may beimplemented which achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense,any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality iseffectively “associated” such that the desired functionality isachieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve aparticular functionality can be seen as “associated with” each othersuch that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective ofarchitectures or intermedial components. Likewise, any two components soassociated can also be viewed as being “operably connected”, or“operably coupled,” to each other to achieve the desired functionality,and any two components capable of being so associated can also be viewedas being “operably couplable,” to each other to achieve the desiredfunctionality. Specific examples of operably couplable include but arenot limited to physically mateable and/or physically interactingcomponents, and/or wirelessly interactable, and/or wirelesslyinteracting components, and/or logically interacting, and/or logicallyinteractable components.

In some instances, one or more components may be referred to herein as“configured to,” “configured by,” “configurable to,” “operable/operativeto,” “adapted/adaptable,” “able to,” “conformable/conformed to,” etc.Such terms (e.g. “configured to”) can generally encompass active-statecomponents and/or inactive-state components and/or standby-statecomponents, unless context requires otherwise.

While particular aspects of the present subject matter described hereinhave been shown and described, it will be apparent that, based upon theteachings herein, changes and modifications may be made withoutdeparting from the subject matter described herein and its broaderaspects and, therefore, the appended claims are to encompass withintheir scope all such changes and modifications as are within the truespirit and scope of the subject matter described herein. In general,terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodiesof the appended claims) are generally intended as “open” terms (e.g.,the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but not limitedto,” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” theterm “includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limitedto,” etc.). If a specific number of an introduced claim recitation isintended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and inthe absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example,as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may containusage of the introductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” tointroduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should notbe construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by theindefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containingsuch introduced claim recitation to claims containing only one suchrecitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases“one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or“an” (e.g., “a” and/or “an” should typically be interpreted to mean “atleast one” or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use ofdefinite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, evenif a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitlyrecited, such recitation should typically be interpreted to mean atleast the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of “tworecitations,” without other modifiers, typically means at least tworecitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in thoseinstances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C,etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the senseone having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “asystem having at least one of A, B, and C” would include but not belimited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and Btogether, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and Ctogether, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to “atleast one of A, B, or C, etc.” is used, in general such a constructionis intended in the sense one would understand the convention (e.g., “asystem having at least one of A, B, or C” would include but not belimited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and Btogether, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and Ctogether, etc.). Typically a disjunctive word and/or phrase presentingtwo or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, ordrawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities ofincluding one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms unlesscontext dictates otherwise. For example, the phrase “A or B” will betypically understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “Aand B.”

EXAMPLES Example 1 A Breast Implant System Constructed with Ink-JetPrinting and Including Multiple Sensor Modules

A patient has a total reconstruction of the breast employing a breastimplant system. The breast implant system includes a gel-filled breastimplant prostheses containing multiple long-lived sensor modules tomonitor the tissues surrounding the implant for any new or recurrentbreast cancers that may arise. The long-lived sensor modules detectanalytes that are breast cancer markers and include a power source, atransmitter, and an identification code for each sensor module. Theimplant system also includes an external, remote device with a receiveroperable to receive transmissions from the sensor modules and to alertthe patient and medical personnel if breast cancer markers are detected.

The breast implant prosthesis is a gel-filled hemispherical orcrescent-shaped implant with a shell. The implant includes, on thesurface of the shell, sensor modules able to detect analytes that arebreast cancer markers. The flexible gel-filled implant is fabricated byforming an exterior shell from a silicon elastomer using a mold. Theexterior shell is configured to be filled with a viscous material, suchas a gel. Methods and compositions to make elastomeric breast prosthesesthat can be filled with gel are described (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No.8,043,373 “All-Barrier Elastomeric Gel-Filled Breast Prosthesis,” toSchuessler and Powell, which is incorporated herein by reference). Forexample, the exterior or outer shell may be formed frompolydimethylsiloxane containing approximately 15 mole percentdiphenylsiloxane (polysiloxanes are available from NuSil Technology,Carpenteria, Calif.). A two-piece rotational mold with a liner may beused to cast the outer shell. A hemispherical seamless, breast implantshell with a wall thickness of approximately 0.456 mm and a basediameter of approximately 12 cm may be manufactured with a rotationalmold (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 8,043,373, Ibid.). The shell can be filledat a later time with silicone gel (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 8,043,373,Ibid.). Multiple sensor modules able to detect analytes that are breastcancer markers are fabricated on the surface of the implant shell tomonitor the tissue exudates and interstitial fluids surrounding theimplant.

Sensor modules are printed on the surface of the breast implant shell todetect multiple analytes and, therefore, different biomarkers associatedwith breast cancer. Long-lived sensor modules which signalelectronically when they encounter analytes are deposited on the implantshell surface by an ink jet printing process. Methods and materials tofabricate long-lived analyte sensor modules are described (see e.g.,U.S. Pat. No. 7,577,470, “Long Term Analyte Sensor Array” to Shah etal., and US Patent Application No. 2010/0276302, “Chemiresistor for Usein Conducting Electrolyte Solution,” to Raguse and Chow, which are eachincorporated herein by reference). For example chemiresistor sensorunits may be printed on the polysiloxane shell using an aerosol-jetprinter (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,485,345, “Apparatuses and Methods forMaskless Mesoscale Material Deposition,” to Renn et al. which isincorporated herein by reference). Initially, gold aerosols are printedto form parallel band electrodes that are approximately 3 mm long and 5μm wide separated by a gap of approximately 5 μm. Chemiresistor sensorunits are printed using dimethylamino pyridine (DMAP) coated goldnanoparticles (see e.g., U.S. Patent Appl. 2010/0276302, Ibid.) tocreate a circular nanoparticle film approximately 300 μm in diameterwhich coats a portion of both bands of the gold band electrodes. Next aligand containing a thiol group is added to the DMAP-gold particles tobind analyte. For example, the DMAP-gold nanoparticles are exposed tohexanethiol gas to yield a functional chemiresistor.

Additional electronic components of the sensor module can include: apotentiostat; a battery; a RFID tag; and integrated circuitry. All areprinted onto the polysiloxane shell. Methods and materials to printmetal traces, inductive coils, interdigitated capacitors, resistorterminations and antennas are described (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No.7,485,345, Ibid.). Additionally a battery is printed onto the shellattached to each sensor module using known methods and materials (seee.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,129,166, “Method of Forming an Electronic Device,”to Speakman which is incorporated herein by reference). For example, abattery can be printed onto the polysiloxane shell by layering Li—Al toform the negative electrode, polyimide to form a containment well, LiBF₄as an electrolyte separator, and lastly a metallic positive electrode.The layered battery can be coated with acrylate to form a barrier layerover the battery.

A RFID unit that includes antennas and circuitry to receive and transmitradio frequency signals that identify each sensor module on the breastimplant is fabricated on the implant shell. The RFID unit can beconstructed by printing conductive ink (e.g., polymer with flecks ofsilver) to create circuitry. Conductive ink is used to print RFIDantennas and to connect electronic components on the device. Forexample, an integrated circuit defining the RFID circuitry for thedevice is printed on the substrate with conductive epoxy in connectionwith the conductive ink. The antenna can be a dipole antenna with acapacitor built in to store some of the electrical energy harvested fromincident radio waves. The device can have a transmit circuit and areceive circuit to control radio wave communications through theantenna, a power harvester circuit to provide power to the device and acontrol circuit. Encapsulating epoxy material is used to cover theintegrated circuit, the conductive ink and conductive epoxy. Methods andmaterials to construct RFID tags connected to sensors are described (seee.g.: U.S. Pat. No. 7,479,886, “Antenna Capacitance for Energy Storage,”to Burr; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,411,505, “Switch Status and RFID Tag,” toSmith et al., which are each incorporated herein by reference). The RFIDdevice with an antenna for transmitting signals to a RFID reader can beconstructed with circuitry able to send an identification signal thatincludes location information, and to transmit an alert when an analytethat is a breast marker is detected (see e.g., Sample et al., “Design ofan RFID-Based Battery-Free Programmable Sensing Platform,” IEEE Trans.Instr. Meas. 57: 2608-2615, (2008) which is incorporated herein byreference).

Sensor modules are printed over the surface of the implant shell todetect analytes that are breast cancer markers arising in breast tissuenear exterior surfaces of the implant. For example, a hemisphericalbreast implant shell with a base diameter of approximately 12 cm willhave a total surface area of approximately 300 cm², which can haveapproximately 50 to 100 sensor modules printed with approximately 3 cmto 6 cm between the midpoints of each sensor module and uniformlydistributed over the surface of the implant. The chemiresistor sensorunits are fabricated to detect different analytes, and, therefore,multiple breast cancer markers. Different thiol ligands and thiol ligandmixtures are used to functionalize the nanoparticle films to createdistinct chemiresistor sensor units responsive to different breastcancer markers. For example, chemiresistor sensor units containingDMAP-gold nanoparticle films are functionalized by exposure to differentligands (e.g., 1-hexanethiol and 4-mercaptophenol) and to mixtures ofthese ligands that modulate the sensor unit response to differentanalytes (see e.g., chemiresistor sensors responsive to the analytes,toluene and ethanol, in U.S. Patent Appl. 2010/0276302 Ibid.). Multiplechemiresistor sensor units functionalized with different thiol ligandsand ligand mixtures may be screened with breast cancer markers toidentify sensor units responsive to the breast cancer markers.Thiol-functionalized binding aptamers can be obtained from commercialsources such as Integrated DNA Technology, Inc. (Coralville, Iowa). Forexample, a panel of 7 different metabolites associated with breastcancer may be screened to identify responsive chemiresistor sensorunits. Increased levels of the metabolites formate, histidine, proline,choline, glutamic acid, N-acetyl-glycine, and3-hydroxy-2-methyl-butanoic acid are correlated with the recurrence ofbreast cancer (see e.g., Asiago et al., “Early Detection of RecurrentBreast Cancer Using Metabolite Profiling,” Cancer Research 70:8309-8318, 2010 which is incorporated herein by reference).

Sensor modules can contain replicate sets of different chemiresistorsensor units which respond to different breast cancer markers (see FIG.13). Moreover, the replicate sensor units can be protected with coversthat can be removed as needed to monitor breast cancer markers overseveral years. For example, sensor modules containing multiple sets ofsensor units for 7 breast cancer markers (see FIG. 13) may be coveredwith an analyte sensor membrane (e.g., a thin gold foil) that protectsthe sensors from exposure to interstitial fluid and cells. When a set ofsensor units becomes nonfunctional, i.e., no longer signals, it may bedeactivated and a new set of sensor units may be activated by disruptingthe protective membrane and engaging the circuitry to the new set ofsensor units. The protective membrane is disrupted by the application ofan electric current or potential which disrupts the gold foil andexposes the set of sensor units to the surrounding interstitial fluidand tissues (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,577,470 Ibid.). Replicate sets ofsensor units, each containing 7 different chemiresistor sensor unitsconfigured to detect analytes that are breast cancer markers, can besequentially exposed to monitor the regions surrounding the breastcancer implant over a period of approximately 5 years.

The breast implant with multiple sensor modules printed onto its surfaceis filled with an elastic silicone gel and treated with a coating toreduce encapsulation of the implant and to promote vascularization ofthe surrounding tissue. Following molding and printing of the breastimplant shell with multiple sensor arrays on the shell surface, asilicone gel is injected into the implant through an orifice at the baseof the implant. Methods and materials to inject the silicone gel and toseal the orifice with siloxane elastomer are described (see e.g., U.S.Pat. No. 8,043,373 Ibid.).

Finally, to prevent fibrous capsule formation and to promotevascularization around the breast implant, a semiporous membrane is usedto coat the implant. For example, a membrane of Gore® Teflon (availablefrom W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc., Newark, Del.) with a pore size ofapproximately 3 μm is used to coat the breast implant and to promote avascularized interface with the implant and to prevent capsule formation(see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,800,529 to Brauker et al., “CloseVascularization Implant Material,” which is incorporated herein byreference).

The breast implant system including the breast implant prosthesis withmultiple, distributed sensor modules and an external, remote deviceincluding a receiver is used to reconstruct the patient's breast and tomonitor tissue exudates and interstitial fluids for breast cancermarkers. The remote device can be a cell phone which is configured tosend signals to control the sensor units (e.g., activating specificsensor units distributed over the surface of the breast implant shell)and receive signals initiated by the sensor modules when changes inbreast cancer analytes are detected. The cell phone may alert thepatient and or the patient's physician when breast cancer analytes aredetected or sensor units become dysfunctional or the system is otherwisein need of attention.

Example 2 A Breast Implant System for Breast Augmentation IncludingSensor Modules with Attached RFID Units for Transmission of SensorModule Information

A patient undergoes breast augmentation surgery employing a breastimplant system that includes breast implant prostheses with sensormodules able to monitor for cancer biomarkers in tissue exudates andinterstitial fluids surrounding the breast implants. The breast implantsystem detects shed or secreted breast cancer analytes with a network ofsensor modules (see FIG. 2) distributed on the surface of the implant.The sensor modules signal wirelessly to an external, remote device wheninterrogated by the device, and the remote device alerts the patient andthe patient's medical team when analytes that are breast cancerbiomarkers are detected.

The breast implant prosthesis shell structure is fabricated as describedin Example 1. Sensor modules configured to detect breast cancer analytesof interest are fabricated containing electrochemical sensors withaptamer-based recognition elements. Methods to select and produceaptamers (i.e., oligonucleotides with high affinity binding to moleculartargets such as breast cancer antigens) are known (see e.g., U.S. Pat.No. 5,475,096, “Nucleic Acid Ligands,” to Gold, which is incorporatedherein by reference). The construction of electrochemical sensors usingmicrofabrication methods and employing aptamers to recognize specificbiomolecules has been described. See e.g.: U.S. Pat. No. 8,145,434,“Method and Apparatus for Forming a Homeostatic Loop Employing anAptamer Biosensor,” to Shachar et al.; Lee et al., “Aptamers asMolecular Recognition Elements for Electrical Nanobiosensors,” Anal.Bioanal. Chem. 390: 1023-1032, (2008); and U.S. Pat. No. 8,138,005“Method for Fabricating Novel High-Performance Field-Effect TransistorBiosensor Based on Conductive Polymer Nanomaterials Functionalized withAnti-VEGF Adapter,” to Jang et al. which are each incorporated herein byreference. For example, aptamers can be selected which bind with highaffinity and specificity to breast cancer biomarker proteins, such asthose produced by HER2 expressing (“HER-2+”) cells (see, e.g.: Thiel etal., “Delivery of Chemo-Sensitizing siRNAs to HER2+-Breast Cancer CellsUsing RNA Aptamers,” Nucleic Acids Research, doi:10.1093/nar/gks294,1-19 (2012) and the Supplementary Methods appendix thereof, includingthe aptamer sequences in Supplementary Table 1; and International PatentApplication No. WO2011/142970, “HER2 Nucleic Acid Aptamers,” toGingrande et al., which are each incorporated herein by reference). Forexample, aptamers can be selected which bind with high affinity andspecificity to breast cancer biomarker proteins, such as those producedby HER3 expressing cells. For example, aptamers configured tospecifically bind to HER3 proteins expressed from breast cancer cellshave been described (see, e.g.: Chen et al., “Inhibition of HeregulinSignaling by an Aptamer that Preferentially Binds to the Oligomeric Formof Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-3,” PNAS 100(16), 9226-9231(2003), which is incorporated herein by reference).

Each sensor unit (see FIG. 7) can be fabricated to include multipleelectrodes with different aptamers bound. For example, aptamers thatspecifically recognize HER2 proteins, HER3 proteins and VEGF (see: Thielet al., ibid; International Patent Application No. WO2011/142970, ibid.;Chen et al., ibid; and U.S. Pat. No. 8,138,005 to Jang et al., ibid,which are each incorporated by reference herein) can be immobilized ondifferent electrodes in the same sensor unit. The sensor modules cancontain multiple electrodes coated with capture reagents, i.e.,aptamers, to form capacitive plates. Aptamers can be attached to theelectrodes using a chemical linker, (e.g., succinic anhydride) whichfirst bonds to the electrodes using amino-sialanization and thencovalently couples with the aptamers during fabrication. The sensormodules include electronic components which form a capacitance detectorcircuit. The capacitance detector circuit can include: an amplifierbuffer, a current to voltage amplifier, resistors, and integrationcircuits. Binding of biomolecules, e.g., proteins, to the immobilizedaptamers changes the impedance at the electrode-solution interface, andchanges in impedance can be correlated with the amount of proteinanalyte bound to the immobilized aptamers (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No.8,145,434, Ibid.).

The sensor modules (see FIG. 7) configured to detect breast canceranalytes are machined on silicon chips and each include transmissionunits with RFID units and related circuitry. Fabrication of RFID deviceswith integrated sensors as microchips approximately 2 cm×2 cm has beendescribed (see e.g., Sample et al., “Design of an RFID-BasedBattery-Free Programmable Sensing Platform,” IEEE Trans. Instr. Meas.57: 2608-2615, (2008) which is incorporated herein by reference). Forexample, sensors requiring less than approximately 500 μA of surfacespace can be integrated and empowered with an RFID device. Each RFIDunit is configured to provide wireless communication with a remotedevice including an external RFID reader. Each RFID unit is configuredto harvest power from a signal transmitted from the remote device toempower the sensor modules (i.e., a “passive RFID”). Each RFID unit isconfigured to transmit a signal identifying the specific RFID unit, andby extension, the attached sensor module. Each RFID unit includes atleast one antenna and associated circuitry to receive and transmit radiofrequency signals. Methods and materials to construct RFID units withantennas, transmitters, and power harvesters are described (see e.g:U.S. Pat. No. 7,479,886, “Antenna Capacitance for Energy Storage,” toBurr; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,411,505, “Switch Status and RFID Tag,” toSmith et al., which are each incorporated herein by reference). Theantenna can be a dipole antenna with a capacitor built in to store someof the electrical energy harvested from incident radio waves. The devicecan include a transmit circuit and a receive circuit to control radiowave communications through the antenna, a power harvester circuit toprovide power to the device and a control circuit. The RFID unit can beconstructed with circuitry to send an identification signal for thatunit, and to transmit an alert when the sensor module detects theanalyte.

The sensor modules with aptamer-based sensors and RFID devices areattached to the shell of the breast implant in a uniformly distributednetwork. The sensor units can be attached, for example, using anadhesive. For example, a hemispherical breast implant shell with adiameter of approximately 12 cm will have a total surface area ofapproximately 300 cm² and can include approximately 50 to 100 sensorunits attached approximately 3 to 6 cm apart and uniformly distributedover the surface of the implant.

Sensor modules contain multiple, replicate aptamer-based sensor unitsable to detect a set of breast cancer markers. For example, each sensormodule can include 56 replicate sensor units with each sensor unitdetecting 3 different cancer analytes. See FIG. 13. Sensor modulescontaining multiple sensor units have been described (see e.g., U.S.Pat. No. 7,577,470, Ibid). The 56 sensor units present on each sensormodule can be protected with covers that can be individually removed asneeded to monitor breast cancer antigens over several years. Forexample, the individual sensor units can be covered with analyte sensormembranes (e.g., thin gold foil) that protect the sensors frominterstitial fluid, cells, and biofouling. When a new sensor unit isneeded on a sensor module, the protective membrane over one sensor unitis removed by the application of an electric current which disrupts thegold foil cover and exposes the new sensor unit to surroundinginterstitial fluid and tissues (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,577,470Ibid.). Replicate sensor units for breast cancer markers can besequentially exposed in order to monitor the regions surrounding thebreast cancer implant over a period of approximately 5 years. If asensor becomes nonfunctional, i.e., no longer signals, a signal can bereceived from a remote device that initiates deactivation of thenonfunctional sensor unit and disruption of the protective membrane toexpose a new sensor unit as well as engaging circuitry to activate thenew sensor unit.

As described above in FIG. 1, the breast implant shell is filled with anelastic silicone gel and treated with a coating to reduce encapsulationof the implant and to promote vascularization of the surrounding tissue.Following molding of the breast implant shell and attachment of multiplesensor modules on the shell surface with an appropriate adhesive, asilicone gel is injected into the implant through an orifice at the baseof the implant. Methods and materials to inject the silicone gel and toseal the orifice with siloxane elastomer are described (see e.g., U.S.Pat. No. 8,043,373 Ibid.).

The breast implant system including the breast implant prostheses withmultiple sensor modules is used to aesthetically augment theindividual's breasts and also used in combination with a remote deviceincluding an external RFID reader to functionally monitor tissueexudates and interstitial fluids for breast cancer analytes. The remotedevice that includes an external RFID reader can be part of a cellphone.

The remote device that includes an external RFID reader can send signalsto control the sensor modules (e.g., activating specific sensor unitsdistributed over the surface of the breast implant shell) and receivesignals from the sensor modules when changes in breast cancer markersare detected. The cell phone can alert the patient and the patient'sphysician when analytes that are breast cancer markers are detected orwhen sensor modules become dysfunctional or need attention.

Example 3 A Breast Implant System with Directed Flow Configured forBreast Reconstruction and Monitoring of Interstitial Fluids for Analytesthat are Breast Cancer Biomarkers

A patient with breast cancer undergoes a total mastectomy of theaffected breast, and after suitable medical treatment the breast isreconstructed with a breast implant system. The breast implant systemincludes a gel-filled breast implant prostheses including multiplelong-lived sensor modules configured to monitor the tissues surroundingthe implant for any new or recurrent breast cancers that may arise. Thebreast implant includes an enveloping membrane including microchannelsconfigured to direct interstitial fluids surrounding the implant topositions adjacent to sensor modules on the implant shell. The longlived sensor modules are configured to detect analytes that are breastcancer markers. The long lived sensor modules each include a powersource, a transmitter, an identification code and a unique identifier.The implant system also includes a remote device with an externalreceiver configured to receive transmissions from the sensor modules andto alert the patient and medical personnel if breast cancer markers aredetected.

The breast implant prosthesis shell with attached sensor modules isfabricated as described in Example 1. Multiple analyte sensor modulesare printed on the surface of the breast implant shell and configured todetect analytes associated with breast cancer.

Additional electronic components of the sensor module can include: apotentiostat; a battery; a RFID unit; and integrated circuitry. Allcomponents are printed onto the polysiloxane shell of the breastimplant. Methods and materials to print metal traces, inductive coils,interdigitated capacitors, resistor terminations and antennas aredescribed (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,485,345 Ibid.). Additionally, atleast one battery is printed onto the shell and attached to each sensormodule using known methods and materials (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No.7,129,166, “Method of Forming an Electronic Device,” to Speakman whichis incorporated herein by reference). See also Example 1.

Following molding and printing of the breast implant shell with multiplesensor modules on the shell surface, a silicone gel is injected into theimplant through an orifice at the base of the implant. Methods andmaterials to inject the silicone gel and to seal the orifice withsiloxane elastomer are described (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 8,043,373Ibid.).

A fluid transport film is fabricated to correspond to the externalsurface of the breast implant and configured to transport interstitialfluid from the periphery of the implant to the sensor modules on theimplant shell. Fluid transport films constructed from polyolefins bymolding microchannels into a polymer film are described. See, forexample, U.S. Pat. No. 6,420,622 “Medical Article Having Fluid ControlFilm,” to Johnston et al., which is incorporated herein by reference.For example, a polymer film of polypropylene is cast with replicatedparallel microchannels that are rectilinear and have a width less than1500 μm and a depth of approximately 100-1000 μm. Interstitial fluidsare wicked through microchannels of the fluid transport film, collectedin a manifold and directed via a connector to proximal sensor modules.Fluid transport films with microchannels, a manifold, a connector and avacuum source are described (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,420,622, Ibid.).A fluid transport film is fabricated with microchannels to collectinterstitial fluid from all surfaces of the implant shell and to deliverthe fluids to sensor modules proximal to the collection sites. The fluidtransport film is substantially the same shape as the implant,configured to correspond to the outer surface of the shell with a gapbetween the film and the outer surface of the shell. The fluid transportfilm is positioned around the outer surface of the shell. At least onetether may be fabricated to connect the film and the outer surface ofthe shell, the tether(s) adhered to both the film and the outer surfaceof the shell with a suitable adhesive.

Example 4 A Breast Implant System for Breast Augmentation Configured toPermit Magnetic Resonance Imaging

A patient undergoes breast augmentation surgery employing a breastimplant system that includes breast implant prostheses with sensormodules configured to monitor for cancer biomarkers in tissue exudatesand interstitial fluids surrounding the breast implants. The breastimplant system detects shed or secreted breast cancer analytes with anetwork of sensor modules (see, e.g. FIG. 2) distributed on the surfaceof the implant. The sensor modules are configured to signal wirelesslyto an external receiver when interrogated by an external deviceincluding a reader. The external device including the receiver can sendalerts to the patient and to the patient's physician when breast canceranalytes are detected.

The breast implant prosthesis is a gel-filled hemispherical orcrescent-shaped implant including a shell. The implant includes sensormodules attached to the surface of the shell. The sensor modules areconfigured to detect analytes that are breast cancer markers. SeeExamples 1-3.

Sensor modules are fabricated containing antibody-based electrochemicalsensor units, with removable covers, as described (see, e.g. U.S. Pat.No. 7,577,470, “Long Term Analyte Sensor Array,” to Shah et al., whichis incorporated herein by reference). Antibodies directed to specificrecognition of breast cancer analytes are commercially available. Forexample, multiple antibodies directed to the breast cancer analyte HER-2(also known as ErbB2) are available from R&D Systems, Minneapolis Minn.For example, multiple antibodies directed to the breast cancer analytematrix metalloproteinase-2, or “MMP-2,” are available from NovusBiologicals, Littleton, Colo. For example, antibodies directed to thebreast cancer analyte CA 15-3 are available from Lee Biosolutions, St.Louis, Mo. Each sensor module includes: at least one sensor unitconfigured to detect HER-2 with a HER-2 specific antibody; at least onesensor unit configured to detect MMP-2 with a MMP-2 specific antibody;and at least one sensor unit configured to detect CA 15-3 with a CA 15-3specific antibody. Each sensor module is attached to a transmission unitconfigured to receive signals from the sensor units when analytes aredetected, and to send a signal to a remote device external to the bodyincluding the implant (see, e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 7,577,470, ibid). Thesensor modules configured to detect breast cancer antigens are machinedon silicon chips, and constructed with non-ferromagnetic materials(i.e., paramagnetic or diamagnetic) and/or metal alloys that areminimally affected by an external magnetic field in order to becompatible with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

A transmission unit is fabricated to attach to each sensor module. Eachtransmission unit includes at least one antenna and circuitry to receiveand transmit radio frequency signals. A transmission unit can beconfigured to send and receive signals in the radio frequency spectrumand including a unique identifier, i.e. to be a “RFID unit.” Eachtransmission unit includes a unique identifier to identify informationfrom a particular sensor module on the breast implant. Methods andmaterials to construct transmission units with antennas, transmitters,and power harvesters are described (see e.g: U.S. Pat. No. 7,479,886,“Antenna Capacitance for Energy Storage,” to Burr; and U.S. Pat. No.7,411,505, “Switch Status and RFID Tag,” to Smith et al., which are eachincorporated herein by reference). Each transmission unit is fabricatedfrom MRI-compatible materials. Transmission units constructed fromnon-ferromagnetic materials which are compatible with MRI studies aredescribed (see e.g., U.S. Patent Application No. 2011/0077736, “BreastImplant System Including Bio-Medical Units,” to Rofougaran and U.S.Patent Application No. 2007/0106332, “MRI Compatible ImplantedElectronic Medical Device,” to Denker et al. which are each incorporatedherein by reference).

The sensor modules are attached to the shell of the breast implant in auniformly distributed network. For example, a hemispherical breastimplant shell with a diameter of approximately 12 cm will have a totalsurface area of approximately 300 cm² and can include approximately 50to 100 sensor modules attached with their midpoints approximately 3 to 6cm apart and uniformly distributed over the surface of the implant. Thesensor modules and transmission units are attached using suitableadhesive.

The breast implant shell is filled with an elastic silicone gel.Following molding of the breast implant shell and attachment of multiplesensor modules on the shell surface, a silicone gel is injected into theimplant through an orifice at the base of the implant. Methods andmaterials to inject the silicone gel and to seal the orifice withsiloxane elastomer are described (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 8,043,373Ibid.).

Sensor modules can contain multiple, replicate antibody-based sensorunits which detect a set of breast cancer markers. For example, eachsensor module can include approximately 70 replicate sensor units witheach sensor unit detecting 3 different cancer antibodies (e.g., HER-2,MMP-2 and CA 15-3). See FIG. 12. Sensor modules containing multiplesensor units have been described (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,577,470,Ibid.). The 70 sensor units present in each sensor module can beprotected with covers that can be individually removed as needed tomonitor breast cancer antigens over several years. For example, theindividual sensor units can be covered with membranes (e.g., thin goldfoil) that protect the sensors from interstitial fluid, cells, andbiofouling. When a new sensor unit is needed on a sensor module, theprotective membrane over one sensor unit is removed by the applicationof an electric current which disrupts the gold foil cover and exposesthe new sensor unit to surrounding interstitial fluid and tissues (seee.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,577,470, Ibid.). Replicate sensor units configuredto detect the same breast cancer analyte can be sequentially exposed tomonitor the regions surrounding the breast cancer implant over a periodof approximately 5 years. If a sensor becomes nonfunctional, i.e., nolonger signals, it can be deactivated by wireless signaling from aremote device. A new sensor unit can be activated by disrupting itsprotective membrane and engaging circuitry to the new sensor unit.

The breast implant system including the breast implant prostheses withmultiple sensor modules is used to augment the patient's breasts. Aftersurgery, an external device is used monitor the sensor modules detectionof analytes that are breast cancer markers in tissue fluids. Theexternal device can be configured to transmit radiowaves that signal thesensor modules and provide a source of power. External devices tocommunicate with sensor modules are described (see e.g., U.S. PatentAppl. No. 2011/0077736, Ibid.). The external device can be a cell phoneconfigured to receive signals from the transmission units when breastcancer analytes are detected. For example, an external device installedin the patient's home may interrogate and empower the sensor modules onthe breast implants daily when the patient arrives home. The externaldevice can be configured to control the sensor modules, such as bytriggering activation of specific sensor units distributed over thesurface of the breast implant shell through removal of a specific coveror set of covers. The external device can alert the patient and thepatient's physician when breast cancer markers are detected, or sensormodules become dysfunctional, or the system otherwise needs attention.

Example 5 A Breast Implant System with Compartments Containing LocalizedSensor Modules Configured to Detect Breast Cancer Analytes

A patient has a total reconstruction of the breast employing a breastimplant system. The breast implant system includes a gel-filled breastimplant prosthesis including a shell (see Example 1, above). The breastimplant includes external projections forming a series of compartmentson the surface of the implant shell. The external projections areconfigured like a plurality of membranes projecting at substantiallyright angles from the exterior surface of the implant shell, creating aseries of compartments on the shell surface. Breast implant prosthesiswith membranes attached to the surface are described. See, e.g. U.S.Pat. No. 3,559,214, “Compound Prosthesis,” to Pangman. The projectionsattached to the instant embodiment are adjacent to the outer surface ofthe shell. The projections can be fabricated from a similar material asthe shell, and attached to the shell at approximately right angles tothe shell surface. The projections are substantially planar sheets ofsoft, bio-compatible material attached to the exterior surface of theshell with a suitable adhesive. The projections form a series ofcompartments adjacent to the surface. Each compartment has a depthapproximately equivalent to the height of the projections forming thecompartment. The projections are approximately 2 to approximately 10 mmin height, as measured from the surface of the shell to the distal edgeof the projection.

For example, FIG. 14 illustrates a breast implant 140 including a shell145. The view illustrated in FIG. 14 is an external, frontal view of abreast implant 140 ex-vivo. The exterior of the shell 145 includes aplurality of projections 1400 extending at substantially right anglesfrom the face of the external surface of the shell 145. The projections1400 are substantially planar, sheet-like projections. Since the breastimplant 140 is depicted in a frontal view, the projections 1400 aredepicted as lines over the surface of the shell 145. The projections1400 continue beyond the surface of the shell 145, which is illustrated1410. The plurality of projections 1400 form a series of compartments1420 on the surface of the shell 145. Each of the compartments 1420includes sensor modules 150. In the illustration shown in FIG. 14, eachcompartment 1420 includes two sensor modules 150. The compartments 1420are substantially rectangular with their long axis orientedapproximately vertically relative to the expected position of the breastimplant 140 in vivo. This position facilitates gravity enhancing theflow of interstitial fluid from the top to the bottom through eachcompartment 1420 when the breast implant 140 is in situ (see dottedarrows).

Each compartment includes at least one long-lived sensor moduleconfigured to monitor the tissues surrounding the implant, morespecifically those adjacent to the compartment, for analytes indicatingany new or recurrent breast cancers that may arise. Each compartmentincludes at least one transmission unit attached to a sensor module. SeeExample 2 for a description of the sensor modules and attachedtransmission units. Sensor modules and transmission units are attachedto the shell of the breast implant within the compartments andconfigured to monitor the interstitial fluids entering each compartment.For example, a hemispherical breast implant shell with a diameter ofapproximately 12 cm and a total surface area of approximately 300 cm²can include approximately 15 compartments with each circumscribingapproximately 20 cm². Each compartment can contain 1-3 sensor modules tomonitor the region proximal to the compartment. The implant can includea total of approximately 30-45 sensor modules to monitor interstitialfluids from tissues surrounding the breast implant. Each sensor moduleand transmission unit is attached to the surface of the shell with asuitable adhesive in a compartment region formed between theprojections. See FIG. 14.

Following molding of the breast implant shell with exterior partitionsand attachment of multiple sensor modules on the shell surface, asilicone gel is injected into the implant through an orifice at the baseof the implant. Methods and materials to inject the silicone gel and toseal the orifice with siloxane elastomer are described (see e.g., U.S.Pat. No. 8,043,373 Ibid.).

The breast implant system including the breast implant prosthesis withcompartments containing sensor modules and transmission units is used toreconstruct the patient's breast. Over time, the implant and anexternal, remote device is used to monitor tissue exudates andinterstitial fluids for analytes that are breast cancer biomarkers. Theimplant system includes an external, remote device with a receiveroperable to receive transmissions from the transmission units and adisplay that can be activated to alert the patient and medical personnelif the analytes are detected. The external, remote device can be a cellphone configured to receive signals from the transmission units. Theexternal, remote device can be configured to send signals that controlthe sensor modules, such as by triggering activation of specific sensorunits distributed over the surface of the breast implant shell throughremoval of a specific cover or set of covers. The external, remotedevice can alert the patient and the patient's physician when breastcancer analytes are detected, or sensor modules become dysfunctional, orthe system needs attention.

Example 6 A Breast Implant System with Compartments Containing LocalizedSensor Modules Configured to Permit Magnetic Resonance Imaging

A patient undergoes breast augmentation surgery employing a breastimplant system. The breast implants include projections formingcompartments, as described in Example 5. Attached to the surface of theshell within each compartment is at least one sensor module and anattached transmission unit configured to harvest operating power fromincoming RF signals. See Example 4. The transmission units each includean identification code specific to that unit. The transmission units areconfigured to signal wirelessly to an external receiver wheninterrogated by remote device. The remote device includes a display toalert the patient and the patient's physician when breast canceranalytes are detected.

The breast implant system is fabricated to be MRI-compatible. The breastimplant shell, projections and interior viscous material are selected tobe MRI-compatible. In addition, each sensor module and attachedtransmission unit is fabricated from MRI-compatible materials. See e.g.,U.S. Patent Application No. 2011/0077736, “Breast Implant SystemIncluding Bio-Medical Units,” to Rofougaran and U.S. Patent ApplicationNo. 2007/0106332, “MRI Compatible Implanted Electronic Medical Device,”to Denker et al. which are each incorporated herein by reference. Forexample, the implanted system, including sensor units and transmissionunits, can be fabricated from non-ferromagnetic materials. For example,the electrical connections of the sensor modules and attachedtransmission units can be made with silica or plastic based fibers.

Following molding of the breast implant shell with exterior partitionsand attachment of multiple sensor modules on the shell surface, asilicone gel is injected into the implant through an orifice at the baseof the implant. Methods and materials to inject the silicone gel and toseal the orifice with siloxane elastomer are described (see e.g., U.S.Pat. No. 8,043,373 Ibid.).

The breast implant shell is encased in at least one fluid transport filmto enclose the compartments on their outer sides, distal to the surfaceof the shell. The film is configured to promote fluid flow into thecompartments from the adjacent tissue region. Following molding of thebreast implant shell with exterior projections and attachment ofmultiple sensor modules and transmission units on the shell surface, afluid transport film is fabricated to enclose the compartments on thebreast implant shell. The fluid transport film is configured totransport interstitial fluid into the compartments and into proximitywith the sensor modules. Fluid transport films constructed frompolyolefins by molding microchannels into a polymer film are described(see e.g, U.S. Pat. No. 6,420,622 “Medical Article Having Fluid ControlFilm,” to Johnston et al., which is incorporated herein by reference).For example, a polymer film of polypropylene can be cast with replicatedparallel microchannels which are rectilinear with a width less than 1500μm and a depth of approximately 100-1000 μm. Interstitial fluids arewicked through microchannels of the fluid transport film, collected in amanifold and directed via a connector to proximal sensor modules. Thefluid transport film is substantially the same shape as the implant,configured to correspond to the outer surface of the shell with a gapbetween the film and the outer surface of the shell. The fluid transportfilm is positioned around the outer surface of the shell. At least onetether may be fabricated to connect the film and the outer surface ofthe shell, the tether(s) adhered to both the film and the outer surfaceof the shell with a suitable adhesive. The implant can also be envelopedwith coatings to reduce encapsulation of the implant and to promotevascularization of the surrounding tissue (see above Examples).

Example 7 A Breast Implant System Harvesting Optical Power

A patient with breast cancer undergoes a total mastectomy of theaffected breast, and after suitable medical treatment the breast isreconstructed with a breast implant system. The breast implant systemincludes a gel-filled breast implant and multiple attached long-livedsensor modules configured to monitor the tissues surrounding the implantfor any new or recurrent breast cancers that may arise. See Example 2.The long lived sensor modules can detect analytes that are breast cancermarkers and report the detection via attached transmission units. Thelong lived sensor modules are each operably attached to an optical powercollector affixed to the shell. An optical power converter attached toeach sensor module converts harvested optical power into electricalpower for the sensor module and attached transmission unit. The implantsystem also includes a remote device with an external receiverconfigured to receive transmissions from the implant and to alert thepatient and medical personnel if breast cancer analytes are detected.

Multiple analyte sensor modules are attached to the surface of thebreast implant shell and configured to detect analytes associated withbreast cancer. The implant also includes at least one optical powercollector configured to harvest optical energy and a series of opticalfibers connecting the optical power collector to optical powerconverters attached to each sensor module. The breast implant prosthesisshell with attached sensor modules and attached transmission units isfabricated as described in Example 2, with the exception that each ofthe attached sensor modules and attached transmission units alsoincludes an attached optical power converter configured to convert thetransmitted optical power into electrical energy to power the sensormodules and attached transmission units. See e.g.: U.S. Patent Appl.2011/0044694, “Systems and Methods for Optically Powering Transducersand Related Transducers,” to Scherer et al.; US Patent Application No.2010/0070003, “Systems configured to power at least one device disposedin a living subject, and related apparatuses and methods,” to Hyde etal.; and Ayazian et al., “Delivering Optical Power to SubcutaneousImplanted Devices,” Conf Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. 2011: 2874-2877(2011), which are each incorporated herein by reference. Each opticalpower converter is configured to receive optical power from an opticalpower collector through an optic fiber attached to both the opticalpower collector and the power converter.

Sensor modules are empowered by an optical power converter that supplieselectric current to the sensor module. Optically powered transducers andconverters suitable for medical implants have been described (see e.g.:U.S. Patent Appl. 2011/0044694, “Systems and Methods for OpticallyPowering Transducers and Related Transducers,” to Scherer et al.; USPatent Application No. 2010/0070003, “Systems configured to power atleast one device disposed in a living subject, and related apparatusesand methods,” to Hyde et al.; and Ayazian et al., “Delivering OpticalPower to Subcutaneous Implanted Devices,” Conf Proc. IEEE Eng. Med.Biol. Soc. 2011: 2874-2877 (2011), which are each incorporated herein byreference). For example, a photovoltaic collector and electroniccircuitry can be fabricated using a standard CMOS (Complementarymetal-oxide-semiconductor) process in a silicon foundry. A photovoltaiccollector irradiated with 10 mW/cm² of light input power yieldsapproximately 3.1 mW/cm² power output, i.e., an efficiency of about 31%.The optical power collector is attached to an outer surface of theimplant shell with suitable adhesive. The optical power collector(s) areattached to an outer surface of the implant shell at a location whereminimal tissue is expected to be positioned between the optical powercollector and the exterior skin surface of the patient. For example, theoptical power collector is attached to an outer surface of the implantshell at a location expected to correspond with the front region of thepatient's breast.

During medical exams, the optical power collectors are irradiated by anoptical reader that generates optical energy with a near-IRsemiconductor laser using a wavelength between approximately 680 nm and980 nm. An external optical reader with a near IR laser can provideoptical energy to the implant optical power collectors through as muchas several centimeters of tissue. The optical reader, an externalcomponent of the breast implant system, can be periodically utilized toempower the sensor modules and attached transmission units, such asduring medical visits, to monitor the breast implant for the potentialdetection of breast cancer analytes.

All of the above U.S. patents, U.S. patent application publications,U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patent applicationsand non-patent publications referred to in this specification and/orlisted in any Application Data Sheet, are incorporated herein byreference, to the extent not inconsistent herewith.

With respect to the appended claims, the recited operations therein maygenerally be performed in any order. Also, although various operationalflows are presented in a sequence(s), it should be understood that thevarious operations may be performed in other orders than those which areillustrated, or may be performed concurrently. Examples of suchalternate orderings may include overlapping, interleaved, interrupted,reordered, incremental, preparatory, supplemental, simultaneous,reverse, or other variant orderings, unless context dictates otherwise.Furthermore, terms like “responsive to,” “related to,” or otherpast-tense adjectives are generally not intended to exclude suchvariants, unless context dictates otherwise.

While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein, otheraspects and embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art.The various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for purposes ofillustration and are not intended to be limiting, with the true scopeand spirit being indicated by the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A breast implant comprising: a shell configuredto be filled with a viscous material in an interior region of the shell;a plurality of sensor modules attached at least in part to an exteriorof the shell, the sensor modules including at least one chemiresistororiented to detect one or more analytes indicative of abnormal cellulargrowth in a fluid adjacent to the exterior of the shell, the sensormodules positioned at a distance from each other, wherein each of theplurality of sensor modules includes a unique identifier; and at leastone power source operably attached to the plurality of sensor modules.2. The breast implant of claim 1, wherein the shell comprises: at leastone silicone-based barrier layer at least partially filled with siliconegel.
 3. The breast implant of claim 1, wherein the shell comprises: atleast two barrier layers.
 4. The breast implant of claim 1, wherein theplurality of sensor modules attached at least in part to an exterior ofthe shell comprise: at least one sensor module configured to detect atleast two analytes in a fluid adjacent to the exterior of the shell,wherein the at least two analytes are of different types.
 5. The breastimplant of claim 1, wherein the plurality of sensor modules attached atleast in part to an exterior of the shell comprise: at least two sensortypes in each sensor module.
 6. The breast implant of claim 1, whereinthe plurality of sensor modules attached at least in part to an exteriorof the shell comprise: a plurality of reservoirs, each of the reservoirsincluding a removable cover.
 7. The breast implant of claim 1, whereinthe plurality of sensor modules attached at least in part to theexterior of the shell are configured to detect one or more biologicalanalytes arising from biological tissue.
 8. The breast implant of claim1, wherein the plurality of sensor modules are configured to bereplaceable.
 9. The breast implant of claim 1, wherein the uniqueidentifier for each of the plurality of sensor modules comprises: analphanumeric code.
 10. The breast implant of claim 1, wherein the uniqueidentifier for each of the plurality of sensor modules comprises: apositional identifier.
 11. The breast implant of claim 1, wherein the atleast one power source is configured to be rechargeable.
 12. The breastimplant of claim 1, further comprising: a porous cover positioned overat least one of the plurality of sensor modules.
 13. A breast implantcomprising: a shell configured to be filled with a viscous material inan interior region of the shell; a plurality of sensor modules attachedat least in part to an exterior of the shell, wherein each of theplurality of sensor modules includes a unique identifier, each of theplurality of sensor modules including at least one chemiresistororiented to detect one or more analytes indicative of abnormal cellulargrowth in a fluid adjacent to the exterior of the shell; at least oneprocessor operably attached to the plurality of sensor modules; and atleast one power source operably attached to the at least one processor.14. The breast implant of claim 13, wherein the shell comprises: atleast two barrier layers.
 15. The breast implant of claim 13, whereinthe plurality of sensor modules attached at least in part to an exteriorof the shell comprise: at least one sensor module configured to detectat least two analytes in the fluid adjacent to the exterior of theshell, wherein the at least two analytes are of different types.
 16. Thebreast implant of claim 13, wherein the plurality of sensor modulesattached at least in part to an exterior of the shell comprise: at leasttwo sensor types in each sensor module.
 17. The breast implant of claim13, wherein the plurality of sensor modules attached at least in part toan exterior of the shell comprise: a plurality of reservoirs, each ofthe reservoirs including a removable cover.
 18. The breast implant ofclaim 13, wherein the plurality of sensor modules attached at least inpart to an exterior of the shell are configured to detect one or morebiological analytes arising from biological tissue.
 19. The breastimplant of claim 13, wherein the plurality of sensor modules areconfigured to be replaceable.
 20. The breast implant of claim 13,wherein the unique identifier for each of the plurality of sensormodules comprises: an alphanumeric code.
 21. The breast implant of claim13, wherein the unique identifier for each of the plurality of sensormodules comprises: a positional identifier.
 22. The breast implant ofclaim 13, wherein the at least one power source is configured to berechargeable.
 23. The breast implant of claim 13, further comprising: aporous cover positioned over at least one of the plurality of sensormodules.
 24. The breast implant of claim 13, further comprising: aplurality of processors, each attached to one of the plurality of sensormodules.
 25. A breast implant comprising: a shell configured to befilled with a viscous material in an interior region of the shell; aplurality of sensor modules attached at least in part to an exterior ofthe shell, the sensor modules including at least one chemiresistororiented to detect one or more analytes indicative of abnormal cellulargrowth in a fluid adjacent to the exterior of the shell and wherein eachof the plurality of sensor modules includes a unique identifier; atleast one processor operably attached to the plurality of sensormodules; at least one power source operably attached to the at least oneprocessor; and at least one transmission unit operably attached to theat least one processor.
 26. The breast implant of claim 25, wherein theshell comprises: at least one silicone-based barrier layer at leastpartially filled with silicone gel.
 27. The breast implant of claim 25,wherein the shell comprises: at least two barrier layers.
 28. The breastimplant of claim 25, wherein the plurality of sensor modules attached atleast in part to an exterior of the shell comprise: at least one sensormodule configured to detect at least two analytes in the fluid adjacentto the exterior of the shell, wherein the at least two analytes are ofdifferent types.
 29. The breast implant of claim 25, wherein theplurality of sensor modules attached at least in part to an exterior ofthe shell comprise: at least two sensor types in each sensor module. 30.The breast implant of claim 25, wherein the plurality of sensor modulesattached at least in part to an exterior of the shell comprise: aplurality of reservoirs, each of the reservoirs including a removablecover.
 31. The breast implant of claim 25, wherein the plurality ofsensor modules attached at least in part to an exterior of the shell areconfigured to detect one or more biological analytes arising inbiological tissue.
 32. The breast implant of claim 25, wherein theplurality of sensor modules are configured to be replaceable.
 33. Thebreast implant of claim 25, wherein the unique identifier for each ofthe plurality of sensor modules comprises: an alphanumeric code.
 34. Thebreast implant of claim 25, wherein the unique identifier for each ofthe plurality of sensor modules comprises: a positional identifier. 35.The breast implant of claim 25, wherein the at least one power source isconfigured to be rechargeable.
 36. The breast implant of claim 25,wherein the at least one transmission unit comprises: a radio-frequencytransmitter.
 37. The breast implant of claim 25, wherein the at leastone transmission unit comprises: an infrared transmitter.
 38. A breastimplant comprising: a shell configured to be filled with a viscousmaterial in an interior region of the shell; a plurality of sensormodules attached at least in part to an exterior of the shell, thesensor modules including at least one chemiresistor configured to detectone or more biological analytes indicative of abnormal cellular growth,adjacent to the exterior of the shell, arising from biological tissue;at least one transmission unit attached to the plurality of sensormodules; and at least one power source attached to the plurality ofsensor modules and to the transmission unit.
 39. The breast implant ofclaim 38, wherein the plurality of sensor modules are positioned on theexterior of the shell with a distance between the sensor modules. 40.The breast implant of claim 38, further comprising: at least one switchattached to both the at least one transmission unit and the plurality ofsensor modules, the at least one switch configured to activate thetransmission unit in response to a signal from one or more of the sensormodules.
 41. The breast implant of claim 1, wherein the at least onechemiresistor includes a thiol-functionalized binding aptamer.